Optimization of Crude Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Oil Bleaching using Zeolite-Fe by Response Surface Methodology

https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.48114

Ulfah Anis(1), Ria Millati(2), Chusnul Hidayat(3*)

(1) Agricultural Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Jl. WR Supratman, Kandang Limun, Muara Bangka Hulu, Bengkulu 38371
(2) Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


A carcinogenic 3-monochloropropane 1, 2 diol ester (3-MCPD ester) can be formed during processing crude palm oil (CPO). Chlorine is one of the precursors for the formation of 3-MCPD esters. This study aimed to optimize the bleaching conditions using zeolite-Fe for reducing chlorine concentration by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and further evaluate the characteristics of the bleached CPO. Factors such as bleaching time, zeolite-Fe concentration, and bleaching temperature were evaluated and further optimized. The results showed that Fe in the modified zeolite-Fe increased about 71.89% compared to natural zeolite. Zeolite-Fe concentration, bleaching time, and bleaching temperature had a significant effect on chlorine adsorption. The optimum bleaching process was obtained at a zeolite-Fe concentration of 5% (w/w) and bleaching temperature of 80 °C for 30 minutes. Bleached CPO had a chlorine concentration of 25 ± 1 ppb, carotenoid of 467.70 ± 13.71 ppm, and a DOBI (Deterioration Of Bleachability Index) value of 2.17 ± 0.01 R.

Keywords


Chlorine; crude palm oil; oil bleaching; zeolite-Fe

Full Text:

PDF


References

Aidha, N. A. (2013). Aktivasi zeolit secara fisik dan kimia untuk menurunkan kadar kesadahan (Ca dan Mg) dalam air tanah. Jurnal Kimia Kemasan, 35(1), 58–64.

Anis, U. (2019). Penurunan total klorin pada bleaching minyak sawit (Elaeis guineensis) menggunakan adsorben zeolitFe. [Tesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada]. Perpustakaan Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Arris, F. A., Thai, V. T. S., Manan W. N., & Sajab, M. S. (2020). A revisit to the formation and mitigation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in palm oil production. Foods, 9, 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121769

Craft, B. D., Nagy, K., Sandoz, L., & Destaillats, F. (2011). Factors impacting the formation of

Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production.

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.639034

Elizalde-González, M. P., Mattusch, J., Wennrich, R., dan Morgenstern, P. (2001). Uptake of arsenite

and arsenate by clinoptilote-rich tuffs. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 46(2–3), 277–286.

Freudenstein, A., Weking, J., & Matthäus, B. (2013). Influence of precursors on the formation of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in a model oil under simulated deodorization

conditions. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 115(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201200226

Hasibuan, H. A. (2016). Deterioration of bleachability index pada crude palm oil : bahan review dan usulan untuk SNI 01-2901-2006. Jurnal Standarisasi, 35(4), 377–386.

Hasibuan, H. A., Lia, A., & Debby, T. (2017). Pengaruh dosis bleaching earth dan waktu pemucatan crude palm oil yang bervariasi deterioration of bleacability index (dobi) terhadap mutu produk. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 27(1), 69–75.

Hrncirik, K. & van Duijn, G. (2011). An initial study on the formation of 3-MCPD esters during oil refining. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(3), 374– 379. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201000317

IP 77. (1972). Determination of Salt Content – Extraction and Volumetric Titration Method.

Javadian, H., Ghorbani, F., Tayebi, H., & Asl, S. H. (2015). Study of the adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueous solution using zeolite-based geopolymer, synthesized from coal fly ash; kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(6), 837–849. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.018

Matthäus, B., Pudel, F., Fehling, P., Vosmann, K., & Freudenstein, A. (2011). Strategies for the reduction of 3-MCPD esters and related compounds in vegetable oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(3), 380– 386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201000300

MPOB. (2005). Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Test Methods.

Nagy, K., Sandoz, L., Craft, B. D., & Destaillats, F. (2011). Mass-defect filtering of isotope signatures to reveal the source of chlorinated palm oil contaminants. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 28(11), 1492–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.618467

Nwabanne, J. T. & Ekwu F. C. (2013). Decolourization of palm oil by Nigerian local clay: A study of adsorption isotherms and bleaching kinetics. International Journal Multidiscipline Science Engineering, 4(1), 20–25.

Ramli, M. R., Siew, W. L., Ibrahim, N. A., Hussein, R., Kuntom, A., Razak, R. A. A., & Nesaretnam, K. (2011). Effects of degumming and bleaching on 3-MCPD esters formation during physical refining. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 88(11), 1839–1844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1858-0

Silva, S. M., Sampaio, K. A., Ceriani, R., Verhé, R., Stevens, C., De Greyt, W., & Meirelles, A. J. A. (2013).

Adsorption of carotenes and phosphorus from palm oil onto acid-activated bleaching earth: Equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Journal of Food Engineering, 118(4), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.04.026

Sim, B. I., Nehdi, I. A., Khor, Y. P., Lai, O. M., Yeoh, C. B., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Tan, C. P. (2020). Mitigation of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters during the physical refining process of palm oil by micro and macro laboratory scale refining. Food Chemistry, 328, 127147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127147.

Strijowski, U., Heinz, V., & Franke, K. (2011). Removal of 3-MCPD esters and related substances after refining by adsorbent material. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(3), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201000323

Suhartana, Sukmasari, E., & Azmiyawati, C. (2018). Modification of Natural Zeolite with Fe(III) and Its Application as Adsorbent Chloride and Carbonate ions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 349(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012075

Wahyuni E. T. (2003). Synthesis of Oxide Nanoparticles In Zeolite-Nay Structure. Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Zulkurnain, M., Lai, O. M., Latip, R. A., Nehdi, I. A., Ling, T. C., & Tan, C. P. (2012). The effects of physical refining on the formation of 3-mono-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters in relation to palm oil minor components. Food Chemistry, 135(2), 799–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.144

Zulkurnain, M., Lai, O. M., Tan, S. C., Abdul Latip, R., & Tan, C. P. (2013). Optimization of palm oil physical refining process for reduction of 3-mono-chloropropane-1,2diol (3-MCPD) ester formation.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(13), 3341–3349. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4009185



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.48114

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3484 | views : 3340

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2022 Ulfah Anis, Ria Millati, Chusnul Hidayat

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

agriTECH has been Indexed by:

Emerging Source Citation Index Directory of Open Access Journals CABI.org Dimensions Google Scholar Sinta Garuda

agriTECH (print ISSN 0216-0455; online ISSN 2527-3825) is published by Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada in colaboration with Indonesian Association of Food Technologies.

website statisticsView My Stats