1. Home
  2. Vol 48, No 1 (2021)
  3. Perangin-Angin

Applying Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Help Survivors of Dating Violence: A Pilot Study

Stefanus Perangin-Angin, Sutarto Wijono, Arianti Ina Restiani Hunga
(Submitted 11 May 2020)
(Published 26 April 2021)

Abstract


Research from National Commission on Elimination of Violence against Women found that dating violence was ranked second after domestic violence in terms of number of cases reported in 2018 in Indonesia. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was one of the consequences that dating violence survivors experienced. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) had been proven effective to treat PTSD in intimate partner violence survivors. However, there was no prior research publication investigating the effectiveness of CBT for dating violence survivors in Indonesia. This research aimed to apply CBT to help treating PTSD symptoms in women with dating violence experiences. CBT was delivered individually for six sessions to four participants. This research used mixed-method design with quantitative and qualitative data collection and data analysis components. PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 was used to measure PTSD symptoms at pre- and post-treatment. The results showed that all participants had reduction in PTSD symptoms at post-treatment. However, two participants still met the criteria for PTSD because their post-treatment scores were still above remission cut-off scores. Future research can focus on helping survivors to gain resiliency, psychological well-being, self-esteem and regaining meaning of life back after having dating violence experiences.

Keywords


cognitive-behavioral therapy; dating violence; intimate partner violence; post-traumatic stress disorder; violence against women

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/jpsi.56023

References


Ager, R. D. (2020). A qualitative study of intimate partner violence from a cognitive-behavioral perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(23–24), 5198–5227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719902

Alleyne-Green, B., Grinnell-Davis, C., Clark, T. T., Quinn, C. R., & Cryer-Coupet, Q. R. (2016). Father involvement, dating violence, and sexual risk behaviors among a national sample of adolescent females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(5), 810–830. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556762

Baldwin, K. (2012). Factbox: The worst and best G20 countries for women. Thomson Reuters Foundation. https://doi.org/http://news.trust.org/item/20120613010100-sk134/

Barlow, D. H. (2008). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

Beck, A. T., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). Cognitive therapy: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Medicine, 62, 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-052209-100032

Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Bell, M. E., Cattaneo, L. B., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Assessing the risk of future psychological abuse: Predicting the accuracy of battered women’s predictions. Journal of Family Violence, 23(2), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9128-5

Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402

Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059

Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Breiding, M. J., Black, M. C., & Ryan, G. W. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence in eighteen U.S. states/territories in 2005. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.10.001

Breiding, M. J., Chen, J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States — 2010. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Orue, I., & Little, T. D. (2018). Exposure to family violence and dating violence perpetration in adolescents: Potential cognitive and emotional mechanisms. Psychology of Violence, 8(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000076

Carrell, S. E., & Hoekstra, M. (2012). Family business or social problem? The cost of unreported domestic violence. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 31(4), 861–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21650

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Understanding intimate partner violence: Fact sheet. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/ipv_factsheet.pdf

Cougle, J. R., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009). A prospective examination of PTSD symptoms as risk factors for subsequent exposure to potentially traumatic events among women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(2), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015370

Crespo, M., & Arinero, M. (2010). Assessment of the efficacy of a psychological treatment for women victims of violence by their intimate male partner. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 849–863. https://doi.org/10.1017/S113874160000250X

Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1063–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00088-7

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0

Exner-Cortens, D., Eckenrode, J., & Rothman, E. (2013). Longitudinal associations between teen dating violence victimization and adverse health outcomes. Pediatrics, 131(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1029

Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A. M., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.953

Folger, S. F., & Wright, M. O. D. (2013). Altering risk following child maltreatment: Family and friend support as protective factors. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9510-4

Haller, M., Norman, S. B., Cummins, K., Trim, R. S., Xu, X., Cui, R., Allard, C. B., Brown, S. A., & Tate, S. R. (2016). Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus cognitive processing therapy for adults with depression, substance use disorder, and trauma. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 62, 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.11.005

Han, S. C., & Margolin, G. (2016). Intergenerational links in victimization: Prosocial friends as a buffer. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 9, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0075-7

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. The Guilford Press.

Hébert, M., Daspe, M. È., Lapierre, A., Godbout, N., Blais, M., Fernet, M., & Lavoie, F. (2019). A meta-analysis of risk and protective factors for dating violence victimization: The role of family and peer interpersonal context. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 20(4), 574–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017725336

Huecker, M. R., & Smock, W. (2019). Domestic Violence. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499891/

Iverson, K. M., Gradus, J. L., Resick, P. A., Suvak, M. K., Smith, K. F., & Monson, C. M. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and depression symptoms reduces risk for future intimate partner violence among interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022512

Iverson, K. M., Lester, K., & Resick, P. A. (2011). Psychosocial treatments. In W. Benedek (Ed.), Clinical manual for the management of PTSD (pp. 157–203). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Jennings, W. G., Okeem, C., Piquero, A. R., Sellers, C. S., Theobald, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Dating and intimate partner violence among young persons ages 15–30: Evidence from a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 33, 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.007

Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., & Perez, S. (2011). Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023822

Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224

Komnas Perempuan. (2015). Kekerasan terhadap perempuan: Negara segera putus impunitas pelaku, catatan KTP 2014. https://www.komnasperempuan.go.id/file/pdf_file/Catatan Tahunan/13.PP5_CATAHU-2015.pdf

Komnas Perempuan. (2016). Kekerasan terhadap perempuan meluas: Negara urgen hadir hentikan kekerasan terhadap perempuan di ranah domestik, komunitas dan negara, catatan KTP tahun 2015. https://www.komnasperempuan.go.id/file/pdf_file/Catatan Tahunan/14.PP5_CATAHU 2016.pdf

Komnas Perempuan. (2017). Labirin kekerasan terhadap perempuan: Dari gang rape hingga femicide, alarm bagi negara untuk bertindak tepat, catatan KTP 2016. https://www.komnasperempuan.go.id/file/pdf_file/2017 Siaran Pers/Lembar Fakta Catahu 2017.pdf

Komnas Perempuan. (2018). Tergerusnya ruang aman perempuan dalam pusaran politik populisme, catatan KTP 2017. https://www.komnasperempuan.go.id/file/pdf_file/2018/Publikasi/Catatan Tahunan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan 2018.pdf

Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L., & Dutton, M. A. (2006). Role of distinct PTSD symptoms in intimate partner reabuse: A prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(4), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20136

Kristoper, I. T., Wijono, S., & Engel, J. D. (2019). Counseling as a method of psychological reconciliation for victims of dating violence. Buletin Psikologi, 27(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.44792

Kuijpers, K. F., van der Knaap, L. M., & Winkel, F. W. (2012). PTSD symptoms as risk factors for intimate partner violence revictimization and the mediating role of victims’ violent behavior. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21676

Max, W., Rice, D. P., Finkelstein, E., Bardwell, R. A., & Leadbetter, S. (2004). The economic toll of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Violence and Victims, 19(3), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.3.259.65767

Messman-Moore, T. L., & Long, P. J. (2003). The role of childhood sexual abuse sequelae in the sexual revictimization of women: An empirical review and theoretical reformulation. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(4), 537–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00203-9

Miller, E., Jones, K. A., & McCauley, H. L. (2018). Updates on adolescent dating and sexual violence prevention and intervention. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 30(4), 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000637

Murray, J. (2013). But I love him: Protecting your teen daughter from controlling, abusive dating relationships. Harper Collins Publishers.

Perangin-Angin, S., Wijono, S., & Hunga, A. I. R. (2019). Pola pengalaman depresi perempuan yang mengalami kekerasan dalam berpacaran: Kajian perspektif cognitive-behavioural. Buletin Psikologi, 27(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.40450

Reed, G. L., & Enright, R. D. (2006). The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920

Resick, P A, Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. The Guilford Press.

Resick, P A, Monson, C. M., & Rizvi, S. L. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step by-step treatment manual (4th ed., pp. 65–122). The Guilford Press.

Resick, Patricia A., Galovski, T. E., Uhlmansiek, M. O. B., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243

Rivara, F. P., Anderson, M. L., Fishman, P., Bonomi, A. E., Reid, R. J., Carrell, D., & Thompson, R. S. (2007). Healthcare utilization and costs for women with a history of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.10.001

Rizzo, C. J., Joppa, M., Barker, D., Collibee, C., Zlotnick, C., & Brown, L. K. (2018). Project date SMART: a dating violence (DV) and sexual risk prevention program for adolescent girls with prior DV exposure. Prevention Science, 19(4), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0871-z

Sánchez-Jiménez, V., Muñoz-Fernández, N., & Ortega-Rivera, J. (2018). Efficacy evaluation of “Dat-e Adolescence”: A dating violence prevention program in Spain. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205802

Shorey, R. C., Cornelius, T. L., & Bell, K. M. (2008). A critical review of theoretical frameworks for dating violence: Comparing the dating and marital fields. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(3), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.003

Todman, J. B., & Dugard, P. (2001). Single-case and small-n experimental designs: A Practical guide to randomization tests. Psychology Press.

Trabold, N., McMahon, J., Alsobrooks, S., Whitney, S., & Mittal, M. (2018). A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions: State of the field and implications for practitioners. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018767934

Vézina, J., Hébert, M., Poulin, F., Lavoie, F., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2011). Risky lifestyle as a mediator of the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and dating violence victimization among adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 814–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9602-x

Vézina, J., Hébert, M., Poulin, F., Lavoie, F., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2015). History of family violence, childhood behavior problems, and adolescent high-risk behaviors as predictors of girls’ repeated patterns of dating victimization in two developmental periods. Violence Against Women, 21(4), 435–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215570481

Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). In National Center for PTSD. National Center for PTSD. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02622-000

World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9789241564625/en/


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Psikologi

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.