Peningkatan Kualitas Pelet Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit melalui Torefaksi Menggunakan Reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB)

https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.56817

Wahyu Hidayat(1), Irma Thya Rani(2), Tri Yulianto(3), Indra Gumay Febryano(4), Dewi Agustina Iryani(5), Udin Hasanudin(6), Sihyun Lee(7), Sangdo Kim(8), Jiho Yoo(9), Agus Haryanto(10*)

(1) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(2) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(3) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(4) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(5) Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(6) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(7) Climate Change Research Division, Korean Institute of Energy Research, Daejon, 34129, Republic of Korea
(8) Climate Change Research Division, Korean Institute of Energy Research, Daejon, 34129, Republic of Korea
(9) Climate Change Research Division, Korean Institute of Energy Research, Daejon, 34129, Republic of Korea
(10) Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro 1, Bandar Lampung, 35145
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches (EFB) have not been utilized optimally. Currently, it is considered as a resource with low economic value. This biomass can be converted into bioenergy through a torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis at temperatures ranging between 200 and 300 °C, and it is generally performed under an inert atmosphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of torrefaction using Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) on the properties of oil palm EFB pellets. Torrefaction was conducted at 280 °C temperature with a residence time of 4 minutes. The results showed a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content and an increase in hydrophobicity after torrefaction using the COMB reactor. The change in the hygroscopic property could make the oil palm EFB pellet more stable against chemical oxidation and microbial degradation, hence self-heating and auto-ignition during storage could be prevented. The heating value of biomass increased after torrefaction. Torrefaction with the COMB reactor resulted in a heating value of 17.90 MJ/kg, which is comparable with the results of oxidative torrefaction (with longer residence time) of 18.28 MJ/kg. The results suggested that torrefaction using the COMB reactor could provide a great improvement in the quality of the bioenergetic properties of oil palm EFB pellets. However, the high ash content of the EFB pellets implied that the EFB pellets suitable for a small-scale application, but not yet for cofiring in power plants or as a feedstock for gasification.

Keywords: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; oil palm empty fruit bunches; renewable; torrefaction


A B S T R A K

Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Saat ini bahan tersebut masih dianggap sebagai sumber daya bernilai ekonomi rendah. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dikonversi menjadi bioenergi melalui proses torefaksi. Torefaksi merupakan proses pirolisis ringan pada suhu berkisar antara 200 dan 300 °C dan umumnya dilakukan di bawah kondisi inert. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh torefaksi dengan reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) terhadap sifat-sifat pelet TKKS. Torefaksi dilakukan pada suhu 280 °C dengan waktu tinggal 4 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi menyebabkan penurunan kadar air kesetimbangan dan menjadi hidrofobik setelah torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB. Perbaikan sifat higroskopis dapat membuat pelet TKKS lebih stabil terhadap oksidasi kimia dan degradasi mikroba, sehingga pemanasan sendiri dan pembakaran spontan selama penyimpanan dapat dicegah. Nilai kalor biomassa meningkat setelah torefaksi. Torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB menghasilkan nilai kalor 17,90 MJ/kg, yang sebanding dengan hasil torefaksi oksidatif dengan waktu tinggal lebih lama, sebesar 18,28 MJ/kg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB dapat meningkatkan kualitas energi pelet TKKS. Tetapi pelet TKKS masih memiliki kadar abu yang tinggi sehingga biomassa hasil torefaksi belum sesuai untuk cofiring di pembangkit listrik atau sebagai bahan baku untuk gasifikasi.

Kata kunci: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; tandan kosong kelapa sawit; terbarukan; torefaksi


 


Keywords


Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; oil palm empty fruit bunches; renewable; torrefaction

Full Text:

PDF


References

Acharya, B., Dutta, A. and Minaret, J., 2015, Review on comparative study of dry and wet torrefaction, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 12, 26–37.

Álvarez, A., Gutiérrez, I., Pizarro, C., Lavín, A.G. and Bueno, J.L., 2017, Comparison between oxidative and non-oxidative torrefaction pretreatment as alternatives to enhance properties of biomass, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 224, 247–255.

Ashman, J.M., Jones, J.M. and Williams, A., 2018, Some characteristics of the self-heating of the large scale storage of biomass, Fuel Process. Technol., 174, 1–8.

Azhar and Rustamaji, H., 2012, Bahan bakar padat dari biomassa bambu dengan proses torefaksi dan densifikasi, Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 3 (2), 26–29.

Barskov, S., Zappi, M., Buchireddy, P., Dufreche, S., Guillory, J., Gang, D., Hernandez, R., et al., 2019, Torrefaction of biomass: A review of production methods for biocoal from cultured and waste lignocellulosic feedstocks, Renewable Energy, 142, 624–642.

BPS., 2019, Statistik Indonesia 2019, Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, Indonesia, available at: https://www.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=ZGFhYzFiYTE4Y2FlMWU5MDcwNmVlNThh&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnBzLmdvLmlkL3B1YmxpY2F0aW9uLzIwMTkvMDcvMDQvZGFhYzFiYTE4Y2FlMWU5MDcwNmVlNThhL3N0YXRpc3Rpay1pbmRvbmVzaWEtMjAxOS5odG1s&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMC0wNi0.

BSN., 2018, SNI 8675: Pelet Biomassa untuk Energi, Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN), Jakarta, Indonesia.

Chang, S.H., 2014, An overview of empty fruit bunch from oil palm as feedstock for bio-oil production, Biomass and Bioenergy, 62, 174–181.

Chew, J.J. and Doshi, V., 2011, Recent advances in biomass pretreatment - Torrefaction fundamentals and technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev., 15 (8), 4212-4222

Datta, R., 1981, Acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulose-acid yield and conversion of components, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 23 (9), 2167–2170.

Deng, J., Wang, G.J., Kuang, J.H., Zhang, Y.L. and Luo, Y.H., 2009, Pretreatment of agricultural residues for co-gasification via Torrefaction, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 86 (2), 331–337.

Hambali, E. and Rivai, M., 2017, The potential of palm oil waste biomass in Indonesia in 2020 and 2030, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 65, p. 012050.

Haryanto, A., Hasanudin, U., Sahari, B. and Sugiarto, R., 2019, Methane emission reduction in palm oil mill through co-composting empty fruit bunch and palm oil mill effluent, Procedia Environ. Sci., Eng. Manage., 6 (3), 431–441.

Hasanudin, U., Sugiharto, R., Haryanto, A., Setiadi, T. and Fujie, K., 2015, Palm oil mill effluent treatment and utilization to ensure the sustainability of palm oil industries, Water Sci. Technol., 72 (7), 1089–1095.

Irawan, A., Riadz, T. and Nurmalisa., 2015, Proses torefaksi tandan kosong sawit untuk kandungan hemiselulosa dan uji kemampuan penyerapan air, Reaktor, 15 (3), 190–195.

Irvan, Trisakti, B., Husaini, T., Sitio, A. and Sitorus, T.B., 2017, Performance evaluation on otto engine generator using gasoline and biogas from palm oil mill effluent, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 206, No. 012028.

Iryani, D.A., Kumagai, S., Nonaka, M., Nagashima, Y., Sasaki, K. and Hirajima, T., 2014, The hot compressed water treatment of solid waste material from the sugar industry for valuable chemical production, Int. J. Green Energy, 11 (6), 577–588.

Iryani, D.A., Kumagai, S., Nonaka, M., Sasaki, K. and Hirajima, T., 2017, Characterization and production of solid biofuel from sugarcane bagasse by hydrothermal carbonization, Waste Biomass Valorization, 8 (6), 1941–1951.

Iryani, D.A., Haryanto, A., Hidayat, H., Amrul, Talambanua, M., Hasanudin, U., Lee, S.H. 2019, Torrefaction Upgrading of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches Biomass Pellets for Gasification Feedstock by Using COMB (Counter Flow Multi-Baffle) Reactor, Proceeding of 7th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 212-217.

Jenkins, B.M., Bakker, R.R., Williams, R.B., Bakker-Dhaliwal, R., Summers, M.D., Lee, H., Bernheim, L.G., Huisman, W., Yan, L.L., Andrade-Sanchez, P., and Yore, M., 2000, Commercial Feasibility of Utilizing Rice Straw in Power Generation, Proceedings Bioenergy, Omnipress, Buffalo, New York, USA, pp. 1–10.

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia, 2019, Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia (in English), Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, available at: https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-handbook-of-energy-and-economic-statistics-of-indonesia-2018-final-edition.pdf.

Krigstin, S., Wetzel, S., Jayabala, N., Helmeste, C., Madrali, S., Agnew, J. and Volpe, S., 2018, Recent health and safety incident trends related to the storage of woody biomass: A need for improved monitoring strategies, Forests, 9 (9), 538.

Lestari, M.D., Sudarmin and Harjono, 2018, Ekstraksi selulosa dari limbah pengolahan agar menggunakan larutan NaOH sebagai prekursor bioetanol, Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 7 (3), 236–241.

Lu, K.M., Lee, W.J., Chen, W.H., Liu, S.H. and Lin, T.C., 2012, Torrefaction and low temperature carbonization of oil palm fiber and eucalyptus in nitrogen and air atmospheres, Bioresour. Technol., 123, 98–105.

Mahdie, M.F., Subari, D., Sunardi and Ulfah, D., 2016, Pengaruh campuran limbah kayu rambai dan api-api terhadap kualitas biopellet sebagai energi alternatif dari lahan basah, Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 4 (5), 246–253.

Mamvura, T.A. and Danha, G., 2020, Biomass torrefaction as an emerging technology to aid in energy production, Heliyon, 6, e03531.

Mellyanawaty, M., Alfiata Chusna, F.M. and Nofiyanti, E., 2019, Proses peruraian anaerobik palm oil mill effluent dengan media zeolit termodifikasi, Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 13 (1), 16–23.

Nunes, L.J.R., Matias, J.C.O. and Catalão, J.P.S., 2014, A review on torrefied biomass pellets as a sustainable alternative to coal in power generation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev., 40, 153-160

Pangau, J.R., Sangian, H.F. and Lumi, B.M., 2017, Karakterisasi bahan selulosa dengan iradiasi pretreatment gelombang mikro terhadap serbuk kayu cempaka wasian (Elmerillia ovalis) di Sulawesi Utara, Jurnal MIPA Unsrat Online, 6 (1), 53–58.

Parikh, J., Channiwala, S.A. and Ghosal, G.K., 2005, A Correlation for calculating HHV from proximate analysis of solid fuels, Fuel, 84 (5), 487–494.

Rani, I.T., Hidayat, W., Febryano, I.G., Iryani, D.A., Haryanto, A. and Hasanudin, U., 2020, Pengaruh torefaksi terhadap sifat kimia pelet tandan kosong kelapa sawit, Jurnal Teknik Pertanian, 9 (1), 63–70.

Rubiyanti, T., Hidayat, W., Febryano, I.G. and Bakri, S., 2019, Karakterisasi pelet kayu karet (Hevea brasiliensis) hasil torefaksi dengan menggunakan reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB), Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 7 (3), 321–331.

Sentana, S., Suyanto, Subroto, M.A., Suprapedi and Sudiyana., 2013, Pengembangan dan pengujian inokulum untuk pengomposan limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit, Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 4 (2), 35–39.

Sitompul, J.P., Jauhari, A.K.P., Gumilar, G.G., Calimanto, Y. and Rasrendra, C.B., 2019, Studi kondisi operasi dalam pemisahan asam laktat dari produk konversi katalitik tandan kosong sawit melalui esterifikasi-hidrolisis, Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 13 (2), 122–131.

Sulistio, Y., Febryano, I.G., Yoo, J., Kim, S., Lee, S., Hasanudin, U. and Hidayat, W., 2020, Pengaruh torefaksi dengan reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) dan electric furnace terhadap pelet kayu jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 8 (1), 65–76.

Szwaja, S., Magdziarz, A., Zajemska, M. and Poskart, A., 2019, A torrefaction of Sida hermaphrodita to improve fuel properties. Advanced analysis of torrefied products, Renewable Energy, 141, 894–902.

Triyono, S., Haryanto, A., Telaumbanua, M., Dermiyati, Lumbanraja, J. and To, F., 2019, Cultivation of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) on oil palm empty fruit bunch growth medium, International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8 (4), 381–392.

Tumuluru, J.S., Sokhansanj, S., Hess, J.R., Wright, C.T. and Boardman, R.D., 2011, A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications, Ind. Biotechnol., 7 (5), 384–401.

Ünal, S., 1995, A review of spontaneous combustion of coals, Fuel Sci. Technol. Int., 13 (9), 1103–1120.

Yulianto, T., Febryano, I.G., Iryani, D.A., Haryanto, A., Hasanudin, U. and Hidayat, W., 2020, Perubahan sifat fisis pelet tandan kosong kelapa sawit hasil torefaksi, Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung, 9 (2), 104–111.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.56817

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 4813 | views : 2605

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2020 The authors

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.