Biochar from Slow Catalytic Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue: Effects of Temperature and Silica-Alumina Catalyst on Yield and Characteristics
Siti Jamilatun(1*), Ilham Mufandi(2), Arief Budiman(3), Suhendra Suhendra(4)
(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jalan Kapas 9, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta 55281
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jalan Kapas 9, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The use of biochar varies on its ability as an adsorbent which adsorbs liquid or gas molecules. Biochar from Spirulina platensis residue (SPR) as an energy source, as its richness in nutrients, can be used as fertilizer and maintain water resources in plantations. Biochar can be used as an intermediary for the synthesis of nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon black, and carbon fiber. One of the essential things to be considered in the application of activated carbon from SPR is char’s characteristics. This study aimed to obtain data on the biochar and components from the pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis residue. The study was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor with electric heaters with a variety of temperatures (300-700 ⁰C) and the amount of silica-alumina catalyst (0-20%). The biochar weight was obtained by weighing the char formed at the end of the pyrolysis. The char characteristics were obtained by the surface area, total pore volume, and pore size analysis. Based on the study results, the relationship between temperature and the amount of catalyst on the characteristics of biochar was studied. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the less biochar. Also, the use of catalysts can reduce the amount of biochar. The higher the temperature, the higher the surface area and the total pore volume while the pore radius was reduced. The optimum condition for maximum biochar yield in non-catalytic pyrolysis at a temperature of 300 ⁰C was 49.86 wt.%. The surface area, the total pore volume, and the pore radius at 700 ⁰C catalytic pyrolysis with 5% silica-alumina was obtained as 36.91 m2/g, 0.052 cm3/g, and 2.68 nm, respectively.
Keywords: biochar; pore radius; silica-alumina; surface area; total pore volume
A B S T R A K
Penggunaan biochar bervariasi pada kemampuannya sebagai adsorben dalam menjerap molekul cairan atau gas. Biochar dari residu Spirulina platensis merupakan sumber energi, karena kaya akan unsur hara, dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk dan pemeliharaan sumber daya air di perkebunan. Biochar dapat juga digunakan sebagai perantara untuk sintesis nanotube, karbon aktif, carbon black, dan serat karbon. Salah satu hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam aplikasi karbon aktif dari SPR adalah karakteristik arang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data biochar dan komponen dari pirolisis residu Spirulina platensis. Penelitian dilakukan di reaktor fixed-bed dengan pemanas listrik dengan variasi suhu (300-700 ⁰C) dan jumlah katalis silika-alumina (0-20%). Berat biochar diperoleh dengan cara menimbang arang yang terbentuk pada akhir pirolisis. Sedangkan karakteristik arang diperoleh dari analisis luas permukaan, volume pori total, dan ukuran pori. Berdasarkan hasil studi hubungan antara suhu dan jumlah katalis terhadap karakteristik biochar yang telah diteliti, semakin tinggi suhu pirolisis maka biochar semakin sedikit. Selain itu, penggunaan katalis dapat mengurangi jumlah biochar. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi suhu semakin besar luas permukaan, dan volume pori total serta radius pori-pori semakin berkurang. Kondisi optimum untuk biochar maksimum pada pirolisis non katalitik pada suhu 300 ⁰C adalah 49,86 wt.%. Luas permukaan, total volume pori, dan radius pori pada suhu 700 ⁰C untuk pirolisis katalitik silika-alumina 5% diperoleh masing-masing sebesar 36,91 m2/g, 0,052 cm3/g, dan 2,68 nm.
Kata kunci: biochar; luas permukaan; radius pori; silika-alumina; total volume pori
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bordoloi, N., Narzari, R., Sut, D., Saikia, R., Chutia, R.S., and Kataki, R., 2016, Characterization of bio-oil and its sub-fractions from pyrolysis of Scenedesmus dimorphus, Renewable Energy, 98, 245-253
Chen, W., K., Xia, M., Yang, H., Chen, Y., X., and Che, Q., 2018, Hanping Chen, Catalytic deoxygenation co-pyrolysis of bamboo wastes and microalgae with biochar catalyst, Energy, 157, 472-482.
Cheng, S., Wei, L., Zhao, X. and Julson, J., 2016, application, deactivation, and regeneration of heterogeneous catalysts in bio-oil upgrading, Catalysts, 6, 195.
Choi, Y-K., Choi, T-R., Gurav, R., Bhatia, S.K., Park, Y-L., Kim, H.J., Kan, E., and Yang, Y-H., 2020, Adsorption behavior of tetracycline onto Spirulina sp. (microalgae)-derived biochars produced at different temperatures, Science of the Total Environment, 710, 136-282.
Dickerson, T. and Soria, J., 2013, Catalytic fast pyrolysis: A Review, Energy, 6, 514-538.
Duan, P., Bai, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, A., Wang, F., Zhang, L., and Miao, J., 2013, Catalytic upgrading of crude algal oil using platinum/gamma alumina in supercritical water, Fuel, 109, 225–233.
Elkhalifa, S., Al-Ansari, T., Hamish R. Mackey, and Gordon McKay, 2019, Food waste to biochars through pyrolysis: A review, Resour., Conserv. Recycl., 144, 310–320.
Ido, AL, de Luna, M.D.G., Ong, D.C., and Capareda, S.C., 2019, Upgrading of Scenedesmus obliquus oil to high-quality liquid-phase biofuel by nickel-impregnated biochar catalyst, J. Cleaner Prod., 209, 1052-1060.
Jung, K.-W., Jeong, T.-U., Kang, H.-J., and Ahn, K.-H., 2016, Characteristics of biochar derived from marine macroalgae and fabrication of granular biochar by entrapment in calcium-alginate beads for phosphate removal from aqueous solution, Bioresour. Technol., 211, 108–116.
Jamilatun, S., Budhijanto, Rochmadi, and Budiman, A., 2017, Thermal decomposition and kinetic studies of pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis residue, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 193–201.
Jamilatun, S., Budiman, A., Anggorowati, H. Yuliestyan, A., Surya Pradana, Y. Budhijanto, and Rochmadi, 2019, Ex-situ catalytic upgrading of Spirulina platensis residue oil using silica-alumina catalyst, Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., 9 (4), 1733−1740.
Li, J., Dai, J., Liu, G., Zhang, H, Gao, Z., Fu, J., Y., and Huang, Y., 2016, Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of biomass: A review, Biomass Bioenergy, 94, 228-244.
Lee, X.J., Ong, H.J., Gan, Y.Y., Chen, W-H., and Mahlia, T.M.I., 2020, State of art review on conventional and advanced pyrolysis of macroalgae T and microalgae for biochar, bio-oil and bio-syngas production, Energy Convers. Manage., 210, 112707.
Norouzi, O., Jafarian, S., Safari, F., Tavasoli, A., and Nejati, B., 2016, Promotion of hydrogen-rich gas and phenolic-rich bio-oil production from green macroalgae Cladophora glomerata via pyrolysis over its bio-char, Bioresour. Technol., 219, 643–651.
Roberts, D.A., Paul, N.A., Bird, MI, and de Nys, R., 2015, Bioremediation for coal-fired power stations using macroalgae, J. Environ. Manage.,153, 25–32.
Suganya, T, Varman, M., Masjuki, H.H., and Renganathan, S., 2016, Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev., 55, 909–941, 2016.
Tripathi, M., Sahu, J.N., and Ganesan, P., 2016, effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev., 55, 467–481.
Wang, K., Brown, R., C., Homsy S., Martinez, L., and Sidhu S., S., 2013, Fast pyrolysis of microalgae remnants in a fluidized bed reactor for bio-oil and biochar production, Bioresour. Technol. 127, 494–499.
Yu, K.L., Show, P.L., Ong, H.C., T.C., Lan, J.C-W., Chen, W.H., and Chang, J-S., 2017a, Microalgae from wastewater treatment to biochar – Feedstock preparation MARK and conversion technologies, Energy Convers. Manage., 150, 1–13.
Yu, KL, BF, P.L., Ong, H.C., TC, W-H., Ng, and EP, J-S., 2017b, Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization, Bioresour. Technol., 246, 2–11.
Zheng, H., Guo, W., Li, S., Chen, Y., Wu, Q., Feng, X., Yin, R., Ho, S-H., Ren, N., and Chang, J.-S., 2017, adsorption of p-nitrophenols (PNP) on microalgal biochar: analysis of high adsorption capacity and mechanism, Bioresour. Technol, 244, 1456–1464.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.56221
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2604 | views : 1795Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 The authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.