StopAbleism: Reduksi stigma kepada penyandang disabilitas melalui intervensi bias implisit

https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.9168

Cleoputri Al Yusainy(1*), Slamet Thohari(2), Rachmad Gustomy(3)

(1) Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik - Universitas Brawijaya
(2) Jurusan Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik - Universitas Brawijaya
(3) Program Studi Ilmu Pemerintahan, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik - Universitas Brawijaya
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Diskriminasi kepada penyandang disabilitas dipengaruhi oleh dinamika antara stigma eksplisit dan stigma implisit. Eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah dalam konteks disabilitas fisik (1) stigma eksplisit memiliki asosiasi dengan stigma implisit, dan (2) paradigma bias implisit dapat mereduksi stigma eksplisit. Partisipan (N = 98 mahasiswa) dibagi ke dalam tiga kondisi eksperimen, yaitu kelompok yang terlebih dahulu mengerjakan (1) kuesioner stigma eksplisit (kelompok kontrol), (2) instrumen stigma implisit, diikuti feedback atas bias implisit (feedback segera), dan (3) instrumen stigma implisit, diikuti kuesioner stigma eksplisit dan feedback atas bias implisit (feedback tertunda). Stigma implisit diukur melalui adopsi computer-based response-latency task berupa Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), stigma eksplisit diukur melalui kuesioner self-reported. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) tidak adanya korelasi antara stigma implisit dan stigma eksplisit, dan (2) pengerjaan instrumen stigma implisit dengan feedback tertunda dapat mereduksi sebagian stigma eksplisit. Paradigma bias implisit berpotensi meningkatkan efektivitas intervensi terhadap ableism, setidaknya dalam jangka pendek



References

Amodio, D. M. (2014). The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 670-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3800

Antonak, R. F., & Livneh, H. (2000). Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 22(5), 211–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096382800296782

Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). No place for nostalgia in science: A response to Arkes and Tetlock. Psychological Inquiry, 15(4), 279-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1504_02

Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2014). A comparative investigation of seven indirect measures of social cognition. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 668-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351–355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x.

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A, & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175 – 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1646-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197

Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (1999). Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 915–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001

Inzlicht, M., & Legault, L. (2014). No pain, no gain: How distress underlies effective self-control (and unites diverse social psychological phenomena). In J. Forgas & E. Harmon-Jones (Eds.), The Control Within: Motivation and its Regulation (pp. 115-132). New York: Psychology Press.

Karpinski, A. & Steinman, R.B. (2006). The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

Koentjoroningrat. (1985). Javanese Culture. Singapore: Oxford University Press East Asia.

Menatti, A., Smyth, F. L., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). Reducing stigma toward individuals with mental illnesses: A brief, online manipulation. Stigma Research and Action. https://osf.io/8rf2b/files/

Millisecond Software. (2011). Inquisit (Version 3.0.6.0) [Computer software]. Seattle, Washington.

Monteith, M. J., Mark, A. Y., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2010). The self-regulation of prejudice: toward understanding its lived character. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13(2), 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209353633

News Ouch BBC. (16 Juni 2014). First there was racism and sexism, now there's ableism. Diakses dari: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-ouch-27840472 tanggal 5 Januari 2015.

Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., Devos, T., Lindner, N. M., Ranganath, K. A., . . . Banaji, M. R. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463280701489053

Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(10), 752–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181879dfd.

Riset Kesehatan Dasar. (2013). Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/general/Hasil%20Riskesdas%202013.pdf

Rüsch N., Corrigan, P. C., Todd, A. R., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2011). Automatic stereotyping against people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and affective disorders. Psychological Research, 186, 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.024

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 93-159). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Stier, A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Explicit and implicit stigma against individuals with mental illness. Australian Psychologist, 42(2), 106–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050060701280599.

Thohari, S. (2013). Disability in Java: Contesting Conceptions of Disability in Javanese Society after the Suharto Regime. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No.19 Tahun 2011. Pengesahan convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (konvensi mengenai hak-hak penyandang disabilitas).

Wang, X., Huang, X., Jackson, T., & Chen, R. (2012). Components of Implicit Stigma against Mental Illness among Chinese Students. PLoS ONE 7(9): e46016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046016

Werner, S., Corrigan, P., Ditchman, N., & Sokol, K. (2012). Stigma and intellectual disability: A review of related measures and future directions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 748–765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.10.009

Wilson, M.C., & Scior, K. (2014). Attitudes towards individuals with disabilities as measured by the Implicit Association Test: A literature review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 294–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.003

World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organisation, & World Bank. (2011). World report on disability. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/ 9789240685215_eng.pdf.

Yusainy, C., & Lawrence, C. (2015). Brief mindfulness induction could reduce aggression after depletion. Consciousness and Cognition, 33(1), 125–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.008



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.9168

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 12858 | views : 8466

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2016 Jurnal Psikologi

License URL: http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jpsi

Published by Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Building D-6th Floor No. D-606. Jl. Sosio Humaniora No. 1, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta, 55281
Email: jurnalpsikologi@ugm.ac.id
Phone/whatsApp: +6289527548628

Web Analytics Made Easy - StatCounter View My Stats