Academic Dishonesty in Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Gender, Moral Self-Concept, and Academic Self-Efficacy

Ivana Nur Intishar; Sutarimah Ampuni; Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono

doi:10.22146/jpsi.90823

Academic Dishonesty in Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Gender, Moral Self-Concept, and Academic Self-Efficacy

Ivana Nur Intishar, Sutarimah Ampuni, Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono

(Submitted 18 November 2023)

(Published 28 August 2024)

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the role of gender, moral self-concept, and academic self-efficacy on academic dishonesty among students during periods of online learning. Participants were 305 students aged 18-24 (male = 65, female = 240) who underwent online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a survey method conducted online. The measuring instruments used were the Academic Dishonesty Scale to measure academic dishonesty, the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale to measure academic self-efficacy, and the Moral Self-Concept Scale to measure moral self-concept. Males indicated a higher tendency to commit academic dishonesty than females. The initial results of regression analysis showed that moral self-concept predicted academic dishonesty in a negative direction, while academic self-efficacy did not show a significant contribution toward academic dishonesty. Follow-up regression analysis was conducted by entering the two aspects of academic self-efficacy separately into the model, and it was found that while course efficacy did not show a significant contribution toward academic dishonesty, social efficacy contributed significantly in a positive direction.

Keywords

academic dishonesty; academic self-efficacy; gender; moral self-concept; online learning

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/jpsi.90823

References

Adit, A. (2020, August 05). Pakar UGM: Ini kendala utama pembelajaran daring di DIY. Kompas.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021, from https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2020/08/05/094757271/pakar-ugm-ini-kendala-utama-pembelajaran-daring-di-diy?page=all

Ampuni, S., Kautsari, N., Maharani, M., Kuswardani, S., & Buwono, S. B. (2019). Academic dishonesty in Indonesian college students: An investigation from a moral psychology perspective. Journal of Academic Ethics, 18(4), 395-417. doi:10.1007/s10805-019-09352-2

Anderman, L. H., Freeman, T. M., & Mueller, C. E. (2007). The “social” side of social context. Psychology of Academic Cheating, 203-228. doi:10.1016/b978-012372541-7/50013-9

Banack, H. R., Lesko, C. R., Whitcomb, B. C., & Kobayashi, L. C. (2020). Teaching epidemiology online (pandemic edition). American Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa285

Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-l

Bandura, A. (2010). Self-efficacy. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1-65. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836

Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. New York: Worth, Macmillan Learning.

Baran, L., & Jonason, P. K. (2020). Academic dishonesty among university students: The roles of the psychopathy, motivation, and self-efficacy. Plos One, 15(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238141

Blau, G., Szewczuk, R., Fitzgerald, J., Paris, D. A., & Guglielmo, M. (2018). Comparing business school faculty classification for perceptions of student cheating. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), 301-315. doi:10.1007/s10805-018-9315-4

Bleeker, K. (2008). To be honest: Championing academic integrity in community colleges. Washington, DC: Community College.

Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Mohamadi, E., Ghasemi, E., & Hoseinabad-Farahani, M. J. (2015). Moral sensitivity and moral distress in Iranian critical care nurses. Nursing Ethics, 24(4), 474-482. doi:10.1177/0969733015604700

Chirumamilla, A., Sindre, G., & Nguyen-Duc, A. (2020). Cheating in e-exams and paper exams: the perceptions of engineering students and teachers in Norway. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 45(7), 940-957. doi:10.1080/02602938.2020.1719975

Christensen, M. J., Brayden, R. M., Dietrich, M. S., McLaughlin, F., Sherrod, K. B., & Altemeier, W. A. (1994). The prospective assessment of self-concept in neglectful and physically abusive low income mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(3), 225-232. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90107-4

Colnerud, G., & Rosander, M. (2009). Academic dishonesty, ethical norms and learning. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(5), 505-517. doi:10.1080/02602930802155263

Crown, D.F., & Spiller, M.S. (1998). Learning from the literature on collegiate cheating: A review of empirical research. Journal of Business Ethics 17, 683–700. doi: 10.1023/A:1017903001888

Dendir, S., & Maxwell, R. S. (2020). Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2, 100033. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100033

Dermo, J. (2009). E-Assessment and the student learning experience: A survey of student perceptions of e-assessment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(2), 203-214. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00915.x

Elsalem, L., Al-Azzam, N., Jumah, A. A., & Obeidat, N. (2021). Remote E-exams during Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study of students’ preferences and academic dishonesty in faculties of medical sciences. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 62, 326-333. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.01.054

Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Paciello, M., Ghezzi, V., & Barbaranelli, C. (2016). Understanding the interplay among regulatory self-efficacy, moral disengagement, and academic cheating behaviour during vocational education: a three-wave study. Journal of Business Ethics, 153(3), 725-740. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3373-6

Finn, K. V., & Frone, M. R. (2004). Academic performance and cheating: moderating role of school identification and self-efficacy. The Journal of Educational Research, 97(3), 115-121. doi:10.3200/joer.97.3.115-121

Gentrup, S., Lorenz, G., Kristen, C., & Kogan, I. (2020). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom: Teacher expectations, teacher feedback and student achievement. Learning and Instruction, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101296

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Golden, J., & Kohlbeck, M. (2020). Addressing cheating when using test bank questions in online classes. Journal of Accounting Education, 52, 100671. doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100671

Haynes, N. M. (1990). Influence of self-concept on school adjustment among middle-school students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(2), 199-207. doi:10.1080/00224545.1990.9924570

Herdian, H., Mildaeni, I. N., & Wahidah, F. R. (2021). “There are always ways to cheat” academic dishonesty strategies during online learning. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(2), 60-67. doi:10.17309/jltm.2021.2.02

Kim, Y. S., Park, J. W., Son, Y. J., & Han, S. S. (2002). Nurse managers moral self concept and ethical sensitivity. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 32(7), 1072. doi:10.4040/jkan.2002.32.7.1072

Koscielniak, M., & Bojanowska, A. (2019). The role of personal values and student achievement in academic dishonesty. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01887

Lee, W., Lee, M., & Bong, M. (2014). Testing interest and self-efficacy as predictors of academic self-regulation and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 86-99. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.02.002

López, F. A. (2017). Altering the trajectory of the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Teacher Education, 68(2), 193-212. doi:10.1177/0022487116685751

Macdonald, R., & Carroll, J. (2006). Plagiarism—a complex issue requiring a holistic institutional approach. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 31(2), 233-245. doi:10.1080/02602930500262536

Malkoç, A., & Mutlu, A. K. (2018). Academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination: exploring the mediating role of academic motivation in Turkish university students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(10), 2087-2093. doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.061005

Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(6), 633-644. doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633

McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522-538. doi:10.1080/00221546.1993.11778446

McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Research in Higher Education, 38(3), 379-396. doi:10.1023/a:1024954224675

Miller, A. D., Murdock, T. B., Anderman, E. M., & Poindexter, A. L. (2007). Who are all these cheaters? characteristics of academically dishonest students. Psychology of Academic Cheating, 9-32. doi:10.1016/b978-012372541-7/50003-6

Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 30-38. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.30

Murdock, T. B., Hale, N. M., & Weber, M. J. (2001). Predictors of cheating among early adolescents: Academic and social motivations. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(1), 96-115. doi:10.1006/ceps.2000.1046

Nonis, S., & Swift, C. O. (2001). An examination of the relationship between academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Journal of Education for Business, 77(2), 69-77. doi:10.1080/08832320109599052

Olafson, L., Schraw, G., & Kehrwald, N. (2014). Academic dishonesty: Behaviors, sanctions, and retention of adjudicated college students. Journal of College Student Development, 55(7), 661-674. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0066

Owen, S. V., & Froman, R. D. (1988). Development of a college academic self-efficacy scale.

Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-578. doi:10.3102/00346543066004543

Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009). Implicit self-concept and moral action. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 747-754. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.015

Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 31(6), 459-470. doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(99)00015-4

Rezanejad, A., & Rezaei, S. (2013). Academic dishonesty at universities: The Case of plagiarism among iranian language students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 11(4), 275-295. doi:10.1007/s10805-013-9193-8

Ridwan, R., & Diantimala, Y. (2021). The positive role of religiosity in dealing with academic dishonesty. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1875541. doi:10.1080/23311975.2021.1875541

Solberg, V. S., O’Brien, K., Villareal, P., Kennel, R., & Davis, B. (1993). Self-efficacy and hispanic college students: Validation of the college self-efficacy instrument. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 80-95. doi:10.1177/07399863930151004

Stake, J. E. (1994). Development and validation of the six-factor self-concept scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(1), 56-72. doi:10.1177/0013164494054001006

Stone, T. H., Jawahar, I., & Kisamore, J. L. (2010). Predicting academic misconduct intentions and behavior using the theory of planned behavior and personality. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530903539895.

Tee, S., & Curtis, K. (2018). Academic misconduct – Helping students retain their moral compass. Nurse Education Today, 61, 153-154. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.11.030

Thomas, D. (2016). Factors that explain academic dishonesty among university students in Thailand. Ethics & Behavior, 27(2), 140-154. doi:10.1080/10508422.2015.1131160

Tindall, I. K., & Curtis, G. J. (2019). Negative emotionality predicts attitudes toward plagiarism. Journal of Academic Ethics, 18(1), 89-102. doi:10.1007/s10805-019-09343-3

Whitley, B. E., Nelson, A. B., & Jones, C. J. (1999). Gender differences in cheating attitudes and classroom cheating behavior: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 41(9/10), 657-680. doi:10.1023/a:1018863909149

Xueqin. (2010, October 16). Cheating in China. The Diplomat. Retrieved June 28, 2021, from https://thediplomat.com/2010/10/cheating-in-china/

Zhang, Y., Yin, H., & Zheng, L. (2017). Investigating academic dishonesty among Chinese undergraduate students: Does gender matter? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(5), 812-826. doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1411467

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Username
Password
Remember me