When I Hate to Follow You: Hate-Following, Envy, and Schadenfreude on Instagram
Cleoputri Yusainy(1*), Isma Adila(2), Ayu Kusumastuti(3), Ziadatul Hikmiah(4), Koesrina Rahma Faradisa(5), Konstantinov Vsevolod Valentinovich(6)
(1) Department of Psychology, Universitas Brawijaya
(2) Department of Communication Science, Universitas Brawijaya
(3) Department of Sociology, Universitas Brawijaya
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Popular media has documented an increasing interest in the phenomenon of “hate-following”. The current study explored the utility of hate-following motive, independent of hate, within the framework of dual approach of envy and schadenfreude. Undergraduate Instagram’s users (n = 560, 73.39% females; M age =21.14, SD = 2.04) were asked to recall an envy episode and filled in measures of state envy, hate-following motive, and hate, then read a schadenfreude scenario and completed measure of schadenfreude. We found that both hate-following motive and hate were positively associated with pain of envy, malicious envy, and schadenfreude, but only hate-following motive positively associated with benign envy. While the hate-followers experiences of malicious envy predicted higher schadenfreude, the presence of benign envy predicted lower schadenfreude. These findings highlight the unique contribution of hate-following motive, while at the same time open up many questions as to how this antisocial but nevertheless functional motive may be improved.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
American Educational Research Association (AERA) and American Psychological Association (APA) and National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). (2014). The standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association. https : / / www.apa.org/science/programs/testing/standards
Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. (n.d.). Julid. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://kbbi. kemdikbud.go.id/entri/julid
Baldwin, M., & Mussweiler, T. (2018). The culture of social comparison. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(39). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1721555115
Bond, K. (2021). The psychology behind why we hate-follow people on social media. https://www. independent.co.uk/life-style/the-psychology-behind-why-we-hatefollow-people-on-social- media-b1837751.html
Cecconi, C., Poggi, I., & DErrico, F. (2020). Schadenfreude: Malicious joy in social media interactions.
Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 558282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558282
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Larson, E. C. (2017). An emotion divided: Studying envy is better than studying benign and malicious envy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(2), 174–183. https :
//doi.org/10.1177/0963721416683667
Crusius, J., Gonzalez, M. F., Lange, J., & Cohen-Charash, Y. (2020). Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views. Emotion Review, 12(1). https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1177 / 1754073919873131
Dasborough, M., & Harvey, P. (2017). Schadenfreude: The (not so) secret joy of anothers misfortune.
Journal of Business Ethics, 141(4), 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3060-7
Djikic, M., & Langer, E. J. (2007). Toward mindful social comparison: When subjective and objective selves are mutually exclusive. New Ideas in Psychology, 25(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.newideapsych.2007.03.001
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140. https://doi. org/10.1177/001872675400700202
Fischer, A., Halperin, E., Canetti, D., & Jasini, A. (2018). Why we hate. Emotion Review, 10(4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917751229
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Third Edition: A regression-Based approach. Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/Introduction-to- Mediation-Moderation-and-Conditional-Process-Analysis/Andrew-Hayes/9781462549030
Hornik, J., Ofir, C., Rachamim, M., & Grossman, O. (2023). The bittersweet smell of success: Malicious online responses to others achievements. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1085317. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085317
Lange, J., & Boecker, L. (2019). Schadenfreude as social-functional dominance regulator. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 19(3), 489–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000454
Lange, J., Paulhus, D. L., & Crusius, J. (2018). Elucidating the dark side of envy: Distinctive links of benign and malicious envy with dark personalities. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(4), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217746340
Lin, H., & Liang, J. (2021). The effect of malicious envy on schadenfreude when schadenfreude is elicited through social comparisons. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769826
Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram #instasad?: Exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(5), 247–252. https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1089 / cyber.2014.0560
McComb, C. A., Vanman, E. J., & Tobin, S. J. (2023). A meta-analysis of the effects of social media exposure to upward comparison targets on self-evaluations and emotions. Media Psychology, 26(5), 612–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2023.2180647
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, well take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144
Meier, A., & Johnson, B. K. (2022). Social comparison and envy on social media: A critical review.
Current Opinion in Psychology, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101302
Natividad, N. (2022). Why hate-watching feels so good. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www. vice . com / en / article / 93akvp / why - hate - watching - tv - movie - social - media - explained - psychology
Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Johnson, B. K. (2016). Motives for online friending and following: The dark side of social network site connections. Social Media + Society, 2(3), 2056305116664219. https://doi. org/10.1177/2056305116664219
Phillips, J. G., Landhuis, C. E., Wood, J. K., & Wang, Y. (2022). High achievers, Schadenfreude and Gluckschmerz in New Zealanders and Chinese. PsyCh Journal, 11(6), 873–884. https://doi. org/10.1002/pchj.582
Roseman, I. J., & Steele, A. K. (2018). Concluding commentary: Schadenfreude, gluckschmerz, jealousy, and hatewhat (and when, and why) are the emotions? Emotion Review, 10(4), 327–340. https:
//doi.org/10.1177/1754073918798089
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Ahronberg-Kirschenbaum, D., & Bauminger-Zviely, N. (2014). There is no joy like malicious joy: Schadenfreude in young children. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e100233. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100233
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015. 12.059
Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbachs alpha.
Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
Smith, R. H. (2013). The joy of pain: Schadenfreude and the dark side of human nature. Oxford University Press.
Smith, R. H., & van Dijk, W. W. (2018). Schadenfreude and gluckschmerz. Emotion Review, 10(4), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918765657
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2008). The nature of hate. Cambridge University Press. https://doi. org/10.1017/CBO9780511818707
van de Ven, N., Hoogland, C. E., Smith, R. H., van Dijk, W. W., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition & Emotion, 29(6), 1007–1025. https://doi. org/10.1080/02699931.2014.961903
van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., & Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 19(6), 933–939. https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1080 / 02699930541000066
van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., Nieweg, M., & Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: Reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. Emotion, 6(1), 156–160. https :
//doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.156
Walther, J. B. (2022). Social media and online hate. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101298. https :
//doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.010
Wang, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rochat, P. (2019). Schadenfreude deconstructed and reconstructed: A tripartite motivational model. New Ideas in Psychology, 52, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.newideapsych.2018.09.002
Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813–1831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707349
White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006). Frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors: The dark side of social comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-006-9005-0
Yusainy, C., Fitria, I., Sarirah, T., Wicaksono, W., & Santosoputro, A. (2024). Not all #complaints are equally contagious: An Instagram experiment. Journal of General Psychology, 151(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2023.2182268
Yusainy, C., Chawa, A. F., & Kholifah, S. (2017). Social data analytics sebagai metode alternatif dalam riset psikologi [social data analytics as an alternative method in psychological research]. Buletin Psikologi, 25(2), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.27751
Yusainy, C., Hikmiah, Z., Sofhieanty, C., & Ibrahim, M. (2018). Deception in negotiation: The predicting roles of envy and individual differences. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 33(4). https:
//doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v33i4.1794
Yusainy, C., Putri, I. L., Fadliilah, L. R., Veronica, G. M., Dharmawan, I., & Wicaksono, W. (2023). Cancelled: Effect of cyber-ostracism on the mental condition of instagram users. Psympathic Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v10i1.18158
Zeki, S., & Romaya, J. P. (2008). Neural correlates of hate. PloS One, 3(10), e3556. https://doi.org/10.
Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., & Kong, Y. (2019). Interaction between social pain and physical pain. Brain Science Advances, 5(4), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2019.9050023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.84357
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2383 | views : 1501Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Psikologi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Published by Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Building D 6th Floor No. D-606. Jl. Sosio Humaniora No. 1, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta, 55281 Email: jurnalpsikologi@ugm.ac.id Phone/whatsApp: +6289527548628 |