Forgiveness as a Moderator between Perceived Unfair Treatment and Anger With own Children

Claudia Maria Dumondor; Susana Tjipto

doi:10.22146/jpsi.82008

Forgiveness as a Moderator between Perceived Unfair Treatment and Anger With own Children

Claudia Maria Dumondor, Susana Tjipto

(Submitted 3 February 2023)

(Published 30 August 2023)

Abstract

Referring to Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI), the highest perpetrators in family violence were mothers (22%), but there has not been much research on the violence transmission from parents to children and the role of forgiveness as a protective factor. This study aims to examine the role of forgiveness as a moderator of the relationship between the perceived unfair treatment by family members of origin and anger with their own children. Participants involved in this study were 63 mothers who perceived unfair treatment by family members of origin and had children aged between 2 to 7 years old. Data were collected using 3 scales: Personal Forgiveness Scale, Family of Origin Hurt Scale, and Attitude toward Child Scale. The multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the perceived unfair treatment and anger with one's own child (gender similarity transmission sample, r = .75, p = .000,n = 31; all sample, r = .77, p = .000, n = 63). The analysis for gender similarity transmission sample showed that 56.7% (and for all samples, 58.4) of the variance in anger with one's own child was explained by the perceived unfair treatment by the mother. Meanwhile, forgiveness does not play as a moderator variable in the association of both variables. The implications of the results of this study are discussed.

Keywords

Anger with the Child; Forgiveness; Family of Origin; Perceived Unfair Treatment

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/jpsi.82008

References

Adams, E. J. (2010). Healing invisible wounds: Why Investing in Trauma-Informed Care for Children Makes Sense. Justice Policy Institute. http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/1913

Al-Mabuk, R. H., Enright, R. D., & Cardis, P. A. (1995). Forgiveness education with parentally love-deprived late adolescents. Journal of Moral Education, 24(4), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724950240405

Allen, B. (2008). An analysis of the impact of diverse forms of childhood psychological maltreatment on emotional adjustment in early adulthood. Child Maltreatment, 13(3), 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508318394

Ateah, C. A. (2003). Disciplinary practices with children: Parental sources of information, attitudes, and educational needs. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 26(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860390197853

Azwar, S. (1993). Kelompok Subjek Ini Memiliki Harga Diri Yang Rendah"; Kok, Tahu...? Buletin Psikologi, 1(2), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.13160

Azwar, S. (2018). Metode penelitian psikologi. Pustaka Pelajar.

Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1959). Adolescent aggression: A study of the influence of child-training practice and family interrelationships. In Y.R. Lee & R. D. Enright (Eds.), Fathers’ forgiveness as a moderator between perceived unfair treatment by a family of origin member and anger with own children (pp. 22, 29).

Bandura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory. General Learning Press.

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Prentice Hall.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. General Learning Press.

Child maltreatment. (2016). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment

Christina, H., Ting F., & Aditya Y. (2017). Pengaruh orientasi religiusitas terhadap forgiveness. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1(1), 40–52.

Doumas, D., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (1994). The intergenerational transmission of aggression across therr generation. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 157–175.

Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (1st ed., pp. 46–62). University of Wisconsin Press.

Enright, R. D. & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping Clients Forgive: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. In Y.R. Lee & R. D. Enright (Eds.), Fathers’ forgiveness as a moderator between perceived unfair treatment by a family of origin member and anger with own children (p. 22).

Enright, R. D. (2012). The forgiving life: A pathway to overcoming resentment and creating a legacy of love. American Psychological Association.

Enright, R. D., Eastin, D. L., Golden, S., Sarinopoulos, I., & Freedman, S. (1992). Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion. Counseling and Values, 36(2), 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1991.tb00966.x

Fajrini, F., Ariasih, A., & A, N. L. (2018). Determinan Sikap Tindak Kekerasan. Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 9(2), 173–189.

Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1998). Anger and the healing power of forgiveness: A psychiatrists’ view. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 63–74). University of Wisconsin Press.

Izaguirre, A., & Calvete, E. (2017). Exposure to Family Violence as a Predictor of Dating Violence and Child-to-Parent Aggression in Spanish Adolescents. Youth and Society, 49(3), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16632138

Kalmuss, D. (1984). The Intergenerational Transmission of Marital Aggression. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46(1), 11–19.

Katz, S. H. (2002). Healing the father-son relationship: A qualitative inquiry into adult reconciliation. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(3), 13–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/00267802042003003

Kurniasari, A., Wismaayanti, Y.F., Irmayani, Husmiyati, Widodo, N., & Susantyo, B. (2019, December 16). Ringkasan hasil survey kekerasan terhadap anak Indonesia tahun 2013. Kementrian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. emenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/38/2477/survey-kekerasan-terhadap-anak-indonesia-tahun-2013

Lang, A. J., Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., & Foy, D. W. (2004). Adult psychopathology and intimate partner violence among survivors of childhood maltreatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(10), 1102–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269090

Laporte, L., Jiang, D., Pepler, D. J., & Chamberland, C. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ experience of family violence and dating violence. Youth and Society, 43(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09336631

Lee, Y.R., & Enright, R. D. (2009). Fathers’ Forgiveness as a Moderator Between Perceived Unfair Treatment by a Family of Origin Member and Anger With own Children. The Family Journal, 17(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480708328474

Lee, Y.R., & Enright, R. D. (2014). A forgiveness intervention for women with fibromyalgia who were abused in childhood: A pilot study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(3), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000025

Lismartini, E., & Nugraha, B. (2018, March 26). Pembunuh anak terbanyak ternyata orangtua kandung. VIVA.co.id. https://www.viva.co.id/berita/metro/1020274-pembunuh-anak-terbanyak-ternyata-orangtua-kandung

Munday, J. (2016). Introducing translation studies: theory and applications. Routledge.

Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2001). Goals, culture, and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(12), 1674–1682. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012712010

Oshio, T., & Umeda, M. (2016). Gender-specific linkages of parents’ childhood physical abuse and neglect with children’s problem behaviour: Evidence from Japan. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3072-3

Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. D. (2003). Adolescents’ Willingness to Forgive Their Parents: An Empirical Model. Parenting, 3(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_03

Sahroji, A. (2017, November 21). Data KPAI Sebut ada 26.954 Kasus Kekerasan terhadap Anak dalam 7 Tahun Terakhir. News.okezone.com. https://news.okezone.com/read/2017/11/20/337/1817338/data-kpai-sebut-ada-26-954-kasus-kekerasan-terhadap-anak-dalam-7-tahun-terakhir

Setyawan, D. (2015, June 14). KPAI: Pelaku kekerasan terhadap anak tiap tahun meningkat. KPAI. https://www.kpai.go.id/publikasi/kpai-pelaku-kekerasan-terhadap-anak-tiap-tahun-meningkat

Slep, A. M. S., & O’Leary, S. G. (2007). Multivariate Models of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Aggression Toward Their Children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 739–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.739

Sugiyono. (2011). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan kombinasi (mixed methods). Alfabeta.

Thomas, S. P., & Hall, J. M. (2008). Life trajectories of female child abuse survivors thriving in adulthood. Qualitative Health Research, 18(2), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307312201

World Health Organization (2016). Measuring and monitoring national prevalence of child maltreatment: a practical handbook. ISBN 978 92 890 5163 7. WHO. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/317505/Measuring-monitoring-national-prevalence-child-maltreatment-practical-handbook.pdf

World Health Organization (2020). Global status report on preventing violent against children. ISBN 978-92-4-000419-1 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000420-7 (print version). WHO. file:///Users/tjiptosusana/Downloads/9789240004191-eng.pdf

Worthington, E. L., J. (2005). Handbook of forgiveness. Routledge.

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Username
Password
Remember me