Bride Trafficking from Vietnam to China: The Critique of Socialist Feminism

https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.85237

Jessenia Destarini Asmoro(1*)

(1) Department of International Relations, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Bride trafficking is a phenomenon where women are sold for forced marriage. This phenomenon occurs in many Vietnamese women brought to China without their consent to marry. It has been claimed that there are 'supply and demand factors in encouraging the development of bride trafficking from Vietnam to China, such as an imbalanced sex ratio in China and a lack of education. This research analyses the occurrence of bride trafficking from Vietnam to China through the lens of gender and politics. Using the narrative analysis method and literature study through the perspective of socialist feminism, this research found that bride trafficking from Vietnam to China embodies double oppression towards Vietnamese women. It results from the intersection between two oppressive structures: patriarchy and capitalism.

Consequently, a practice of sexual economy is developed in the form of bride trafficking. This research also found that globalization significantly affects bride trafficking from Vietnam to China. Globalization paves the way for this phenomenon to happen. Thus, this article offers a perspective favouring women in analyzing transnational phenomena in international relations.

Keywords: bride trafficking; globalization; patriarchy; capitalism; sexual objectification

 


Keywords


Bride Trafficking; Globalization; Patriarchy; Capitalism; Sexual Objectification

Full Text:

PDF


References

Books

Bartky, S. L. (1990). Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. Routledge.

Jaggar, A. M. (1988). Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Philosophy and Society). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Kara, S. (2017). Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. Columbia University Press.

Le, M. S., Singh, T., & Nguyen, D.-T. (2016). Trade Liberalisation and Poverty: Vietnam Now and Beyond. Routledge.

Lieblich, A., Liybliyk, ʿAmiyah, Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative Research: Reading, Analysis, and Interpretation. SAGE.

O’Connor, M. (2019). The Sex Economy. Agenda Publishing.

Rahm, L. (2019). Gender-biased Sex Selection in South Korea, India and Vietnam: Assessing the Influence of Public Policy. Springer.

Werner, J. (2009). Gender, Household and State in Post-revolutionary Vietnam. Routledge.

Wiegersma, N. (1988). Vietnam: Peasant Land, Peasant Revolution: Patriarchy and Collectivity in the Rural Economy. Springer.

Book Chapters

Barry, K. (1996). Industrialization and Economic Development: The Costs to Women. In K. Barry (Ed.), Vietnam’s Women in Transition (pp. 144–156). Macmillan Press LTD.

Duong, L. B., Belanger, D., & Hong, K. T. (2007). Transnational Migration, Marriage and Trafficking at the China-Vietnam Border. In I. Attane & C. Guilmoto (Eds.), Watering the Neighbour’s Garden: The Growing Demographic Female Deficit in Asia (pp. 393–426). Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography.

Eisenstein, Z. R. (1979). Developing a theory of capitalist patriarchy and socialist feminism. In Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism (pp. 5–40). Monthly Review Press.

Frenier, M., & Mancini, K. (1996). Vietnamese Women in a Confucian Setting: The Causes of the Initial Decline in the Status of East Asian Women. In K. Barry (Ed.), Vietnam’s Women in Transition (pp. 21–37). Macmillan Press LTD.

Le, H. H. (2013). Labour and Employment in Transition to a Market Economy in the 1990s. In I. Nørlund, C. Gates, & C. D. Vu (Eds.), Vietnam in a Changing World (pp. 181–186). Routledge.

Lessard, M. (2002). Civilizing Women: French Colonial Perceptions of Vietnamese Womanhood and Motherhood. In T. Hunt & M. Lessard (Eds.), Women and the Colonial Gaze (pp. 148–161). Palgrave.

Pelzer, K. (1993). Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Renovation in Vietnam: Doi Moi as Dialogue and Transformation in Gender Relations. In W. Turley & M. Selden (Eds.), Reinventing Vietnamese Socialism: Doi Moi In Comparative Perspective (pp. 309–336). Routledge.

Pistor, N., & Quy, L. T. (2014). Enclosing women’s rights in the kitchen cabinet? Interactions between the Vietnam Women’s Union, civil society and the state on gender equality. In G. Waibel, J. Ehlert, & H. N. Feuer (Eds.), Southeast Asia and the Civil Society Gaze: Scoping a Contested Concept in Cambodia and Vietnam (pp. 93–112). Routledge.

Quy, B. T. K. (1996). The Vietnamese Women in Vietnam’s Process of Change. In K. Barry (Ed.), Vietnam’s Women in Transition (pp. 159–166). Macmillan Press LTD.

Rydström, H. (2016). Vietnam Women’s Union and the Politics of Representation: Hegemonic Solidarity and a Heterosexual Family Regime. In H. Danielsen, K. Jegerstedt, R. Muriaas, & B. Yte-Arne (Eds.), Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation (pp. 209–234). Palgrave Macmillan.

Tran, T. Q. (2013). Gender Issues in Vietnam’s Development. In I. Nørlund, C. Gates & C. D. Vu (Eds.), Vietnam in a Changing World (pp. 187–206). Routledge.

Turley, W. S. (2019). Introduction. In W. S. Turley & M. Selden (Eds.), Reinventing Vietnamese Socialism: Doi Moi In Comparative Perspective (pp. 1–15). Routledge.

Yarr, L. J. (1996). Gender and the Allocation of Time: Impact on the Household Economy. In K. Barry (Ed.), Vietnam’s Women in Transition (pp. 110–122). Macmillan Press LTD.

Secondary Source

Davidson, J. O. (1998). Prostitution, Power, and Freedom. Polity. Quoted in: O’Connor, M. (2019). The Sex Economy. Agenda Publishing.

Hardinghaus, B. (2009). Das Haus der Madame Thuy. Der Spiegel, 8, 92–6. www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-64197243.html. Quoted in: Pistor, N., & Quy, L. T. (2014). Enclosing women’s rights in the kitchen cabinet? Interactions between the Vietnam Women’s Union, civil society and the state on gender equality. In G. Waibel, J. Ehlert, & H. N. Feuer (Eds.), Southeast Asia and the Civil Society Gaze: Scoping a Contested Concept in Cambodia and Vietnam (pp. 93–112). Routledge.

Overall, C. (1992). “What’s wrong with prostitution? Evaluating sex work”. Signs 17(4), 705–24. Quoted in: O’Connor, M. (2019). The Sex Economy. Agenda Publishing.

Wang, Y. (2015). Over 100,000 Vietnamese brides in China. Accessed December 29 2019. https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20150722000845. Quoted in: Liu, W., Qiu, G., & Zhang, S. X. (2021). Easy prey: Illicit enterprising activities and the trafficking of Vietnamese women in China. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16(4), 319–335. doi: 10.1007/s11417-020-09327-y

Report

Fahey, S. (2002). Women in Viet Nam. Working Report. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32605/women-viet-nam.pdf

Packard, L. A. T. (2006). Gender dimensions of Viet Nam's comprehensive macroeconomic and structural reform policies. Working Paper. UNRISD Occasional Paper, 14. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/148817

Journal Article (retrieved online, with DOI)

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x

Hoang, L. A. (2020). The Vietnam women’s union and the contradictions of a socialist gender regime. Asian Studies Review, 44(2), 297–314. doi: 10.1080/10357823.2019.1699023

Liu, W., Qiu, G., & Zhang, S. X. (2021). Easy prey: Illicit enterprising activities and the trafficking of Vietnamese women in China. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16(4), 319–335. doi: 10.1007/s11417-020-09327-y

MacKinnon, C. A. (1983). Feminism, marxism, method, and the state: Toward feminist jurisprudence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8(4), 635–658. doi: 10.1086/494000

Rydström, H. (2006). Sexual Desires and ‘Social Evils’: Young women in rural Vietnam. Gender, Place & Culture, 13(3), 283–301. doi: 10.1080/09663690600701053

Stöckl, H., Kiss, L., Koehler, J., Dong, D. T., & Zimmerman, C. (2017). Trafficking of Vietnamese women and girls for marriage in China. Global Health Research and Policy, 2(1). doi: 10.1186/s41256-017-0049-4

Xia, Y., Zhou, Y., Du, L., & Cai, T. (2020). Mapping trafficking of women in China: Evidence from court sentences. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(122), 238–252. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2019.1637564

Xiaosong, G., & Womack, B. (2000). Border cooperation between China and Vietnam in the 1990s. Asian Survey, 40(6), 1042–1058. doi: 10.2307/3021201

Journal Article (retrieved online, without DOI)

Khuat, T. H. (2016). Women and development in Vietnam: Caught between social tradition and economic globalization. Regions & Cohesion, 6(2), 110–119. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26661904

Lhomme, L., Zhong, S., & Du, B. (2021). Demi bride trafficking: A unique trend of human trafficking from South-East Asia to China. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 22(3), 28–39. Retrieved from https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss3/4

Sassen, S. (2000). Women’s burden: Counter-Geographies of globalization and the feminization of survival. Journal of International Affairs, 53(2), 503–524. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357763

Audiovisual Media (videos, music recordings, podcasts, etc.)

AFP News Agency. (2014). Brides for sale: Vietnamese women trafficked to China [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-os1em48BQ

CNA. (2019). Vietnam’s trafficked brides [Video]. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/vietnams-trafficked-brides-1502971

Radio Free Asia. (2013). The survivors: Trafficked women and girls of Vietnam [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/itqBEEirHEI

VICE Asia. (2022). I was trafficked from Vietnam to marry a Chinese man [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/vzPjfx_dMqw

Electronic source

Duong, Y. (2018, June 17). From Vietnam, without love: The child brides of China. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2151075/vietnam-without-love-child-brides-china

Hodal, K. (2017, August 26). “I hope you’re ready to get married”: In search of Vietnam’s kidnapped brides. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/aug/26/ready-married-kidnapped-brides-vietnam-china

Ministry of Industry and Trade Vietnam. (2021, April 19). Lao Cai province. ASEM Connect Vietnam. Retrieved from http://asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn/default.aspx?ZID1=12&ID8=12335&ID1=2

Vaughan, J., & Tran, T. M. H. (2018, December 12). Mothers of the Missing: Anguished search for Vietnam’s kidnapped brides. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2018/12/12/mothers-of-the-missing-anguished-search-for-vietnams-kidnapped-brides.html



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.85237

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2016 | views : 1348

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.