Narrative Policy Framework (NFP) Electronic System Operator Policy: Surveillance and Cyber Security

https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.81057

Ambar Alimatur Rosyidah(1*), Farah Fajriyah(2)

(1) Gadjah Mada University
(2) Gadjah Mada University
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Indonesia, as one of the Global South countries, has responded to digital transformation by launching the policy of the Minister of Communication and Information Technology Number 5 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Private Electronic Systems (ESO) for the realization of digital sovereignty. The policy reaped negative sentiments from the public. Several articles considered ‘rubber articles’ indicated to weaken human rights in obtaining and conveying information, as stated in Article 28F of the 1945 Constitution. This study aims to understand the narrative of digital sovereignty built by Kominfo in the ESO policy and strategies to strengthen that narrative. The research method uses a qualitative approach to the Narrative Policy Framework (NFP) by collecting reliable online data from the official Kominfo website, online media, and press conference videos. This study was studied using Agency Theory, where the Indonesian people, as the principal, delegate authority to the agent, Kominfo, related to ESO policies. The results of the NPF found economic narration from the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. This narration contradicts the narrative of ESO’s policy with the goal of its existence, which is the realization of digital sovereignty. This study also underscores the importance of co-regulation with ESO to strengthen the narrative of digital sovereignty.


Keywords


Narrative Policy Framework; ESO policy; digital sovereignty; surveillance; cyber security

Full Text:

PDF


References

Books

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review.

Gueham, F. (2017). Digital sovereignty steps towards a new system of Internet governance. Paris: Fondapol.

Fischer, C. S. (1994). America Calling: A social history of the Telephone to 1940. Oakland: University of California Press.

Powers, S. M., & Jablonski, M. (2015). The Real Cyber War: The Political Economy of Internet Freedom. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Peters, B. (2016). Digital. In: Peters B (ed.) Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 93–108.

Conference Paper

Wulandari. S., Sulfary. A., Putri, R.R.T., Firdaus. A., Pradnyawan. S.W.A. (2021). Dampak Pasal-Pasal Multitafsir Dalam UU ITE Terhadap Penanggulangan Cyber Crime di Indonesia, Proceeding of Conference on Law and Social Studies http://prosiding.unipma.ac.id/index.php/COLaS Held in Madiun on August 6 th 2021 e-ISSN: 2798-0103

Report

APJII. (2022). Profil Internet Indonesia 2022. https://apjii.or.id/survei2022x

Wood, Sam, et al. (2020). Digital sovereignty: the overlap and conflict between states, enterprises, and citizens, Plum. https://oxil.uk/publications/2021-01-20-plum-digital-sovereignty/

Rahman. A. (2022). #BlokirKominfo Dalam Pemberitaan dan Perbincangan 19-30 juli 2022. https://pers.droneemprit.id/blokirkominfodalam-pemberitaan-dan-perbincangan19-30-juli-2022/

Journal Article (retrieved online, with DOI)

Adyos, M., Vural, Y., Tekerek, A. (2019). Assessing Risk and threats with a layered approach to the Internet of Things security. Measurement and Control, 52(5-6), 338-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294019837991

Adonis, A. A. (2019). Critical Engagement on Digital Sovereignty in International Relations: Actor Transformation and Global Hierarchy. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 21(2), 262-282. doi.org/10.7454/global.v21i2.412

Couture, S., & Toupin, S. (2019). What does "sovereignty" mean when referring to the digital?. New Media & Society, 21(10), 2305-2322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819865984

Gray, G., & Jones, M. D. (2016). A qualitative narrative policy framework? Examining the policy narratives of US campaign finance regulatory reform. Public Policy and Administration, 31(3), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076715623356

Hoofnagle, C.J, Sloot, B.V, Borgesius, F.Z. (2019). The European Union general data protection regulation: what it is and what it means, INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY LAW, 28(1), 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2019.157350

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2010). A narrative policy framework: Clear enough to be wrong? Policy Studies Journal, 38(2), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15410072.2010.00364.x

Koedel, C., & Rockoff, J. E. (2015). Value-added modelling: A review. Economics of Education Review, 47, 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.01.006

Martinez, M. (2019). An Examination of Higher Education Policy Problems Using Narrative Policy Analysis. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218820569.

Lambach, D., & Oppermann, K. (2022). Narratives of digital sovereignty in German political discourse. Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12690

Ristyastuti, M. P., & Rofii, M. S. R. (2021). Analisis Naratif Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Pilkada Saat Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(2), 47-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31604/jips.v8i2.2021.47-53

Journal Article (retrieved online, without DOI or page numbers)

Asmoro, W., & Lindiasari Samputra, P. (2021). ANALISIS NARATIF KEBIJAKAN: KEBIJAKAN GANJA MEDIS DI INDONESIA. Matra Pembaruan, 5(1), 13-24. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352252430_Analisis_Naratif_Kebijakan_Kebijakan_Ganja_Medis_di_Indonesia

Hirsch, D. D. (2011). The Law and Policy of Online Privacy: Regulation, Self-Regulation, or Co-Regulation?. Seattle University Law Review, 34(2). Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1758078

Yeli, H. (2017). A three-perspective theory of cyber sovereignty. Prism, 7(2), 108–115. Retrieved from: https://cco.ndu.edu/PRISM-7-2/Article/1401954/a-three-perspective-theory-of-cyber-sovereignty/

Audiovisual media (videos, music recordings, podcasts, etc.)

Gladu, A. (Producer), & Brodeur. M. (Director). (2001). Dance of the Warrior [Motion picture]. Canada: National Film Board.

Kemlu TV. (2017, May 5). Laporan Pemajuan Ham Indonesia di PBB [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VLRyuLX3uw

Electronic Source

Astian, A. (2022, September 8). Dugaan Kebocoran Data, Nico Siahaan Pertanyakan Kinerja Kominfo. Retrieved from https://republiknews.co.id/dugaan-kebocoran-data-nico-siahaan-pertanyakan-kinerja-kominfo/

Basmatulhana, H. (2022). Cyber Security atau keamanan siber: Pengertian, Jenis dan Ancamannya. Retrieved from https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6262847/cyber-security-atau-keamanan-siber-pengertian-jenis-dan-ancamannya

Chew, J. (2021, November 2). Bagaimana Indonesia Bisa Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Digital. Retrieved from https://id.techinasia.com/indonesia-mewujudkan-kedaulatan-digital

Clinten, B. (2022, November 28). Meta Bantah Data Pengguna WhatsApp Bocor dan Dijual Online. Retrieved from https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/11/28/18060007/meta-bantah-data-pengguna-whatsapp-bocor-dan-dijual-online-?page=all.

CNN Indonesia News. (2022, Juli 20). 4 Bahaya PSE Kominfo Versi Pakar Siber. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20220719170626-192-823466/4-bahaya-pse-komin fo-versi-pakar-siber

Deretan Kasus Bocor Data Penduduk RI dari Server Pemerintah. (2021, September 1). Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210901150749-185-688400/deretan-kasus-bocor data-penduduk-ri-dari-server-pemerintah

Dirgantara, A. (2022, September 7). Kritik Data Bocor, Nurul Arifin: Masa Kominfo Sebulan 3 Kali Kebobolan, Memalukan!. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/09/07/13092301/kritik-data-bocor-nurul-arifin-masa-kominfo-sebulan-3-kali-kebobolan.

Hidayatullah, A. Thoriq. (2022, September 8). Kebocoran Data, Muhaimin Iskandar Sebut Kominfo Belum Canggih. Retrieved from https://beritajatim.com/politik-pemerintahan/kebocoran-data-muhaimin-iskandar-sebut-kominfo-belum-canggih/

Kantor Staf Presiden. (2022, Oktober 26). Moeldoko : Indonesia Serius Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Digital. Retrieved from https://www.ksp.go.id/moeldoko-indonesia-serius-mewujudkan-kedaulatan-digital.html.

Kominfo. (2022). SIARAN PERS NO. 312/HM/KOMINFO/08/2022, Pemutusan Akses terhadap 15 PSE Game Online yang Memuat Unsur Perjudian. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43441/siaran-pers-no-312hmkominfo082022-tentang-pemutusan-akses-terhadap-15-pse-game-online-yang-memuat-unsur-perjudian/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022, Agustus 17). Momen HUT ke-77 Kemerdekaan RI, Menkominfo Tekankan Kedaulatan Digital SIARAN PERS NO. 329/HM/KOMINFO/08/2022. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43745/siaran-pers-no-329hmkominfo082022-tentang-momen-hut-ke-77-kemerdekaan-ri-menkominfo-tekankan-kedaulatan-digital/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2020, Agustus 17). Digitalisasi Perkuat Resiliensi, Menteri Johnny: Indonesia Pulih Lebih Cepat SIARAN PERS NO. 330/HM/KOMINFO/08/2022. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43748/siaran-pers-no-330hmkominfo082022-tentang-digitalisasi-perkuat-resiliensi-menteri-johnny-indonesia-pulih-lebih-cepat/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022). Perjuangkan Kedaulatan Digital, Menkominfo: Indonesia Usung Empat Prinsip Utama Arus Data Lintas Batas Negara SIARAN PERS NO. 98/HM/KOMINFO/03/2022, (22 Maret 2022). Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/40711/siaran-pers-no-98hmkominfo032022-tentang-perjuangkan-kedaulatan-digital-menkominfo-indonesia-usung-empat-prinsip-utama-arus-data-lintas-batas-negara/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022, Juni 8). Jaga Kedaulatan Digital, Menkominfo Tekankan Empat Sektor Strategis, SIARAN PERS NO. 239/HM/KOMINFO/06/2022. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/42388/siaran-pers-no-239hmkominfo062022-tentang-jaga-kedaulatan-digital-menkominfo-tekankan-empat-sektor-strategis/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022, Juni 7). Wujudkan Kedaulatan, Menkominfo Dorong Pemanfaatan Ruang Digital untuk Semua, SIARAN PERS NO. 238/HM/KOMINFO/06/2022. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/42383/siaran-pers-no-238hmkominfo062022-tentan g-wujudkan-kedaulatan-menkominfo-dorong-pemanfaatan-ruang-digital-untuk-semua/0/siara n_pers

Kominfo. (2022). SIARAN PERS NO. 308/HM/KOMINFO/07/2022. Retrieved from kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43385/siaran-pers-no-308hmkominfo072022-tentang-pendaftaran-penyelenggara-sistem-elektronik-pse-lingkup-privat/0/siaran_pers.

Kominfo. (2022, Juli 20). Arus Data Lintas Negara, Menteri Kominfo Tekankan Kedaulatan Digital. SIARAN PERS NO. 294/HM/KOMINFO/07/2022. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43209/siaran-pers-no-294hmkominfo072022-tentang-arus-data-lintas-negara-menteri-kominfo-tekankan-kedaulatan-digital/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022). Siaran Pers No. 308/HM/KOMINFO/07/2022, Pendaftaran Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik (PSE) Lingkungan Privat, Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (kominfo.go.id)

Kominfo. (2022, Juli 11). Transformasi Digital dari Hulu Hingga Hilir: Gerak Cepat Menteri Kominfo Jawab Kebutuhan Digitalisasi Sektor Keuangan, siaran pers. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43071/siaran-pers-tentang-transformasi-digital-dari-hulu-hingga-hilir-gerak-cepat-menteri-kominfo-jawab-kebutuhan-digitalisasi-sektor-keuanga n/0/siaran_pers

Kominfo. (2022, Juli 11) Bangun Infrastruktur Digital untuk Rakyat, Menkominfo Apresiasi Dukungan Semua Pihak. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/43052/bangun-infrastruktur-digital-untuk-rakyat-m enkominfo-apresiasi-dukungan-semua-pihak/0/berita_satker

Kominfo. (2019, September 15). Tingkatkan Kesadaran Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/21751/tingkatkan-kesadaran-pelindungan-data-prib adi/0/berita_satker

LBH Jakarta. (2021). Hari Konsumen Internasional: Korban Pinjaman Online Desak Negara Buat Regulasi Yang Menjamin Perlindungan Hukum dan HAM, Siaran Pers,172/RILIS-LBH/III/2021. Retrieved from https://bantuanhukum.or.id/hari-konsumen-internasional-korban-pinjaman-online-desak-negara-buat-regulasi-yang-menjamin-perlindungan-hukum-dan-ham/

Mutia, A. (2022, October 14). Ini Sederet Kerugian yang Dialami Publik Akibat Kebocoran Data Finansial. Retrieved from https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/11/28/18060007/meta-bantah-data-pengguna-whatsapp-bocor-dan-dijual-online-?page=all

Riyanto, G. P. (2022, July 20). 7 "Pasal Karet" Di Aturan PSE Kominfo Yang Ancam Blokir Google dkk. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved from https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/07/19/10150087/7-pasal-karet-di-aturan-pse-kominfo-ya ng-ancam-blokir-google-dkk?page=all

Riyanto, G.P. (2021, Februari 26). Australia Sahkan UU Media, Google dan Facebook Harus Bayar Konten Berita. Retrieved from Australia Sahkan UU Media, Google dan Facebook Harus Bayar Konten Berita (kompas.com)

Rizkinaswara, L. (2022, Maret 31). Pemulihan Global, DEWG G-20 Bahas Penggunaan Teknologi Digital, Pemulihan Global, DEWG G-20 Bahas Penggunaan Teknologi Digital – Ditjen Aptika (kominfo.go.id)

SAFEnet. (2022, Juni 24). Siaran Pers Stop Registrasi PSE Lingkup Privat dan Tarik Kembali Permenkominfo yang Mengancam Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Hak Atas Privasi Pengguna. Retrieved from https://id.safenet.or.id/2022/06/siaran-pers-stop-registrasi-pse-lingkup-privat-dan-tarik-kembali-permenkominfo-yang-mengancam-kebebasan-berekspresi-dan-hak-atas-privasi-pengguna/

Sanjaya, et al. (2021). Laporan Situs Hak-Hak Digital Indonesia 2020, SAFEnet Sudah Tiga Jurnalis Dipenjara di Era Jokowi-Ma'ruf Pakai Jerat UU ITE (cnnindonesia.com)

Saptohutomo, A.P. (2022, September 8). Berbagai Alasan Kominfo soal Rentetan Kebocoran Data. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/09/08/06300031/berbagai-alasan-kominfo-soal-rentet an-kebocoran-data

Sugandi, A. T. (2022, Agustus 9). Blokir Platform Digital Berujung Kontroversi. Retrieved from https://news.detik.com/x/detail/investigasi/20220809/Blokir-Platform-Digital-Berujung-Kon toversi/

Sugandi, A.T. (2022, 8 Februari). Jaringan 5G Jangkau Seluruh Indonesia 3 Tahun Lagi, Ini Alasannya. Retrieved from https://teknologi.bisnis.com/read/20220208/101/1498094/jaringan-5g-jangkau-seluruh-indonesia-3-tahun-lagi-ini-alasannya.

The Economist. (2012). A digital cold war? Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/babbage/2012/12/14/a-digital-cold-war

The White House. (2009). National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, 2009 [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Presidential-Proclamation-National Cybersecurity-Awareness-Month

Wijayanti, S. I. (2021, 9 April). Whisnutama : Kedaulatan Digital untuk Indonesia. Retrieved from https://fisip.ui.ac.id/whisnutama-kedaulatan-digital-untuk-indonesia/



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.81057

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 915 | views : 544

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.