Indonesia’s Self Identity in the Development Assistance Policy through South South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC)
Lucke Haryo Saptoaji Prabowo(1*)
(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
This article aims to examine the link between self-identity and foreign policy, particularly focusing on how state’s self-identity is built and sustained through policy. Using Indonesian development assistance policy through South South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) as a case study, this article finds that Indonesia self-identifies as a middle power country with strong affiliation towards developing countries as a result of national role conception processes. This self-identity in turn are built and sustained through SSTC development assistance policy, due to the suitability of role obligations as a middle power country with the values carried by the act of providing development assistance, as well as the deeply rooted historical dynamics of SSTC development policy with developing country status.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
References
Abdulgani, R., (1980). The Bandung connection: Konperensi Asia Afrika di Bandung tahun 1955. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
Aggestam, L., (2006). Role theory and European foreign policy: a framework of analysis. In: O. Elgstrom & M. Smith, eds. The European Union’s Roles in International Politics. London: Routledge, pp. 11-29.
Bengtsson, R. & Elgström, O., (2011). Reconsidering the European Union’s roles in international relations. In: S. Harnisch, C. Frank & H. W. Maull, eds. Role Theory. New York: Routledge, pp. 113-130.
Bozdaglioglu, Y., (2003). Turkish Foreign Policy and Turkish Identity: A Constructivist Approach. New York: Routledge.
Breuning, M., (2011). Role theory research in international relations. In: S. Harnisch, C. Frank & H. W. Maull, eds. Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and analyses. New York: Routledge, pp. 7-15.
Cooper, A. F., Higgot, R. A. & Nossal, K. A., (1993). Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Elson, R., (2012). Problems of Identity and Legitimacy for Indonesia's Place in the World. In: A. Reid, ed. Indonesia Rising: The Repositioning of Asia's Third Giant. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, pp. 170-186.
Engel, S., (2017). South-South Cooperation Strategies in Indonesia: Domestic and International Drivers. In: A. Graff & A. Hashim, eds. African-Asian Encounters: New Cooperations New Dependencies. Amsterdam: International Institute for Asian Studies, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 155-182.
Finnemore, M., (1996). National Interests in International Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Fitriani, E., (2015). Yudhoyono's Foreign Policy: Is Indonesia a Rising Power. In: E. Aspinall, M. Mietzner & D. Tomsa, eds. The Yudhoyono Presidency : Indonesia's Decade of Stabilty and Stagnation. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, pp. 73-92.
Hatta, M., (1946). Dasar Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Negara.
Hermawan, Y. P., Sriyuliani, W., Hardjowijono, G. & Tanaga, S., (2011). Peran Indonesia dalam G-20: Latarbelakang, Peran, dan Tujuan Keanggotaan Indonesia, Jakarta: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Hewitt, J., (1997). Self and Society: A Symbolic Interactionist Social Psychology. Needam Heights : Allyn and Bacon.
Hill, H., (1996). The Indonesian Economy Since 1996. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Hopf, T., (2002). Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Holbraad, C., (1984). Middle Power in International Politics. London: MacMillan Press.
Hymans, J., (2006). The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jepperson, R., Wendt, A. & Katzenstein, P., (1996). Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security. In: P. Katzenstein, ed. The Culture of National Security. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 59.
Klotz, A. & Lynch, C., (2007). Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. New York: M.E Sharpe.
Lancaster, C., (2007). Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics. London: University of Chicago Press.
Lebow, R., (2016). National Identities and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leifer, M., (1986). Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
Modelski, G., (1963). The New Emerging Forces: Documents on the Ideology of Indonesian Foreign Policy. Canberra: Australian National University.
Muhibat, S., (2016). Charting the Path to Development Effectiveness: Indonesia's SSC Challenges. In: A. Mulakala, ed. Contemporary Asian Perspectives on South-South Cooperation. Seoul: Korea Development Institute, pp. 118-136.
Nabers, D., (2011). Identity and role change in international politics. In: S. Harnisch, C. Frank & H. W. Maull, eds. Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and analyses. New York: Routledge, pp. 74-92.
Noer, D., (2018). Biografi Politik Mohammad Hatta: Mohammad Hatta & Persatuan Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Nurshafira, T., (2019). Sejarah Kemunculan Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan: Upaya Mendorong Kerjasama Pembangunan Alternatif. In: P. S. Winanti & R. A. Alvian, eds. Kebangkitan "The Global South". Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, pp. 15-34.
Prawiro, R., (1998). Indonesia's Struggle for Economic Development: Pragmatism in Action. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Redfern, W. A., (2010). Sukarno's Guided Democracy and the Takeovers of Foreign Companies in Indonesia in the 1960s, Michigan: s.n.
Sastroamidjojo, A., (1979). Milestones on my journey. First ed. Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
Shekhar, V., (2018). Indonesia’s Foreign Policy and Grand Strategy in the 21st Century. Singapore: Routledge.
Simatumpang, T. & Matondang, H. V., (1989). Percakapan Dengan Dr. T.B Simatumpang. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.
Soekarno, (1970). The Promise of a Brightly Beckoning Future. In: F. Herbert & L. Castles, eds. Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 29-32.
Suryadinata, L., (1995). Indonesia's Foreign Policy Under Soeharto. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Weinstein, F. B., (1976). Indonesian Foreign Policy and The Dilemma of Dependence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Wendt, A., (1999). Social Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yamin, M., (1954). 6000 Tahun Sang Merah Putih. Jakarta: Penerbit Siguntang.
Conference Proceeding
UN, (2015). General Assembly Seventieth Session A/70/PV.26, New York: United Nations.
UN, (2017). General Assembly Seventy-second Session A/72/PV.13, New York: United Nations.
UN, (2018). General Assembly Seventy-third Session A/73/PV.11, New York: United Nations.
Conference Paper
HLF 3, (2008). Accra Agenda for Action. Accra: High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness 3.
Yudhoyono, S. B., (2005). Indonesia and the world. Jakarta: Indonesian Council on World Affairs.
Report
Alatas, A., (1988). Politik Luar Negeri Bebas-Aktif dan Peranannya Di Masa Mendatang. Yogyakarta, s.n.
Bappenas, (2007). Visi dan Arah Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (PJP) Tahun 2005-2025. Jakarta: Kantor Menteri Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.
CEACoS, (2010). Policy Direction on Indonesia’s South-South Cooperation, s.l.: Aid For Development Effectiveness Secretariat JICA.
CSIS, (2014). Study on Policy Implementation and Funding Partnership Strategy of South-South and Triangular Cooperation, Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Dutu, R., (2015). Making the Most of Natural Resources in Indonesia, s.l.: OECD Economics Department.
Government of Indonesia, (2009). JAKARTA COMMITMENT: AID FOR DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS. Jakarta: s.n.
Holm, H.-H., (2002). Danish foreign policy activism: The rise and decline. Danish foreign policy yearbook, Issue 19.
Kemlu, (2015). Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia , Jakarta: Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia.
Kemlu, (2015). Rencana Strategis 2015-2019. Jakarta: s.n.
Kornas KSST, (2016). Laporan Tahunan Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular Indonesia , Jakarta: Tim Koordinasi Nasional Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan.
Kornas KSST, (2017). Pembentukan “Single Agency” Kerja Sama Selatan Selatan dan Triangular Indonesia, s.l.: Tim Koordinasi Nasional Kerja Sama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia, (1955). Asia-Africa speak from Bandung. Jakarta, s.n.
NAASP, (2005). JOINT MINISTERIAL STATEMENT ON THE NEW ASIAN-AFRICAN STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP PLAN OF ACTION. Bandung: 50th Asian-African Conference.
National Coordination Team of SSTC, (2016). Annual Report of Indonesia’s SSTC 2016, Jakarta: National Coordination Team of SSTC.
OECD, (2005). The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD, (2008). The Accra Agenda for Action, Accra: OECD.
OECD, (2019). OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews Sweden, s.l.: OECD.
Pemerintah Indonesia, (2017). Undang Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2017 Tentang Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara. s.l.:s.n.
Pemerintah Indonesia, (2018). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2018 Tentang Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara. s.l.:s.n.
Pemerintah Indonesia, (2019). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2019. s.l.:s.n.
Presiden Republik Indonesia, (2015). Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2015-2019. Jakarta: s.n.
Presiden RI, (2010). Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Tahun 2010-2014. Jakarta: Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.
PwC, (2017). The Long View: How Will the Global Economic Order Change by 2050, London: PwC.
Sekretariat Nasional Joko Widodo, (2014). Jalan Perubahan untuk Indonesia yang Berdaulat, Mandiri dan Berkepribadian: Visi, Misi, dan Program Aksi Jokowi dan Jusuf Kalla, Jakarta: Sekretariat Nasional Joko Widodo.
Tortora, P., (2011). COMMON GROUND BETWEEN SOUTH-SOUTH AND NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION PRINCIPLES, s.l.: OECD
Journal Article (retrieved online, without DOI or page numbers)
Alta, A. & Pamasiwi, R. M., (2018). Indonesian South-South Cooperation: Stepping Up the Institution and Strategy for Indonesia's Development Assistance. LPEM-FEBUI Working Paper, Issue 017, pp. 1-10. https://ideas.repec.org/p/lpe/wpaper/201817.html.
Checkel, J., (1998). The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory. World Politics, 50(2), pp. 324-348. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054040.
Djiwandono, J. S., (1985). Forty Years of Indonesian Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity. Indonesian Quarterly, 13(4), pp. 450-451.
Hatta, M., (1953). Indonesia’s foreign policy. Foreign Affairs, 31(3), pp. 441-452. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/indonesia/1953-04-01/indonesias-foreign-policy.
Hatta, M., (1958). Indonesia between the Power Blocs. Foreign Affairs, 36(3), pp. 480-490. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/indonesia/1958-04-01/indonesia-between-power-blocs.
Hudson, V., (1999). Cultural Expectations of One’s Own and Other Nations’ Foreign Policy Templates. Political Psychology, 20(4), pp. 767-801. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3792194.
McCourt, D. M., (2011). Role-playing and identity affirmation in international politics: Britain's reinvasion of the Falklands, 1982. Review of International Studies, 37(4), pp. 1599-1621. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23025568.
Murray, R. W., (2013). Middlepowermanship and Canadian Grand Strategy in the 21st Century. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 36(52). https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/whith14§ion=22.
Smith, A. L., (2000). Indonesia's Foreign Policy under Abdurrahman Wahid: Radical or Status Quo State?. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22(3), pp. 498-526. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798509.
Thies, C. G. & Sari, A. C., (2018). A Role Theory Approach to Middle Powers: Making Sense of Indonesia’s Place in the International System. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 40(3), pp. 397-421. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26545301.pdf.
Weatherbee, D. E., (2005). Indonesian Foreign Policy : A Wounded Phoenix. Southeast Asian Affairs, pp. 150-170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913281.
Wendt, A., (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), pp. 391-425. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706858.
Woods, N., (2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance. International Affairs, 84(6), pp. 1205-1211. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25144989.
Youde, J. R. & Slagter, T. H., (2013). Creating "Good International Citizens": Middle Powers and Domestic Political Institutions. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 14(2), pp. 123-133. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/whith14&div=25&id=&page=.
Journal Article (retrieved online, with DOI or page numbers)
Abbondaza, G., (2020). Australia the 'Good International Citizen'? The Limits of a Traditional Middle Power. Australian Journal of International Affairs, pp. 1-19. doi:10.1080/10357718.2020.1831436.
Astrom, A. N. & Rise, J., (2007). Young adults' intention to eat healthy food: Extending the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology and Health, 16(2), pp. 223-237. doi: 10.1080/08870440108405501.
Chafetz, G., Abramson, H. & Grillot, S., (1996). Ukrainian Compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. Political Psychology, 17(4), pp. 727-757. doi: 10.2307/3792136.
Cox, R. W., (1989). Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order. International Journal, 44(4), pp. 823-862. doi: 10.2307/40202638.
Ewing, C., (2019). The Colombo Powers: crafting diplomacy in the Third World and launching Afro-Asia at Bandung. Cold War History, 19(1), pp. 1-19. doi: 10.1080/14682745.2018.1500553.
Fidan, H. & Nurdun, R., (2008). Turkey's Role in the Global Development Assistance Community: The Case of TIKA (Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency). Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 10(1), pp. 93-111. doi: 10.1080/14613190801895888.
Heine, J., (2010). Will they have table manners? The G20, emerging powers and global responsibility. South African Journal of International Affairs, 17(1), pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1080/10220461003763825.
Hindley, D., (1963). Foreign Aid to Indonesia and Its Political Implications. Pacific Affairs, 36(2), pp. 107-119. doi: 10.2307/2754184.
Holsti, K. J., (1970). National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3), pp. 233-309. doi:10.2307/3013584.
Jordaan, E., (2003). The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers. Politikon, 30(1), p. 165–181. doi: 10.1080/0258934032000147282.
Karim, M. F., (2018). Middle power, status-seeking and role conceptions: the cases of Indonesia and South Korea. Australian Journal of International Affairs , 72(4), pp. 343-363. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2018.1443428.
Lightfoot, S., (2006). A Good International Citizens? Australia at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 60(3), pp. 457-471. doi: 10.1080/10357710600865713.
Morgenthau, H., (1962). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. American Political Science Review, 56(2), pp. 301-309. doi: 10.2307/1952366.
Rosyidin, M., (2017). Foreign policy in changing global politics: Indonesia’s foreign policy and the quest for major power status in the Asian Century. South East Asia Research, XX(X), pp. 1-17. doi: 10.1177/0967828X17706570.
Souter, J., (2016). Good International Citizenship and Special Responsibilities to Protect Refugees. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(4). doi: 10.1177/1369148116659607.
Sukma, R., (1995). The Evolution of Indonesia's Foreign Policy. Asian Survey, XXXV(3), pp. 304-315. doi: 10.2307/2645547.
Vickers, B., (2012). Towards a new aid paradigm: South Africa as African development partner. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(4), pp. 535-556. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2012.744638.
Weldes, J., (1996). Constructing National Interests. European Journal of International Relations, Volume 2, pp. 275-318. doi: 10.1177/1354066196002003001.
Wendt, A., (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, 88(2), pp. 384-396. doi: 10.2307/2944711.
Winanti, P. S. & Alvian, R. A., (2019). Indonesia’s South–South cooperation: when normative and material interests converged. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 0, pp. 1-32. doi: 10.1093/irap/lcz021.
Wish, N., (1980). Foreign Policy Makers and National Role Conceptions. International Studies Quarterly, 24(4), pp. 532-554. doi: 10.2307/2600291.
Newspaper Article
Mitton, R., (2005). Yudhoyono Urges US to Strenghten Ties. Singapore: Straits Times.
Audiovisual media (videos, music recordings, podcasts, etc.)
KemluTV, (2019, October 19). Peresmian (Indonesian Aid) Lembaga Dana Kerja Sama Pembangunan Internasional. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVqHdeWNx3U&t=7s
Mata Najwa, (2019, October 17). Terima Kasih Pak JK: Diplomasi Tangan di Atas ala JK (Part 3) | Mata Najwa. [Video file].
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzEP9RI6lU0&t=359s
Electronic source
Badan Pusat Statistik, (2010). Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut.
Retrieved from: https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0
Hasan, R. A., (2019). Mengenal Indonesian AID, Lembaga Dana Bantuan Internasional Perdana dari RI.
Retrieved from: https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/4092047/mengenal-indonesian-aid-lembaga-dana-bantuan-internasional-perdana-dari-ri
Nixon, R., (1969). The American Presidency Project.
Retrieved from: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-foreign-aid
Pronk, J., (2015). An inconvenient relationship between Indonesia, the Netherlands (Part 2 of 2).
Retrieved from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/06/10/an-inconvenient-relationship-between-indonesia-netherlands-part-2-2.html
The Guardian, (2008). Bretton Woods II – five key points on the road to a new global financial deal.
Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/nov/14/g20-summit-key-aims-imf
World Bank, (2019). GDP current US$.
Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/
World Bank, (2019). Population total.
Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ID-CN-IN-US
Yasmin, N., (2019). Indonesia Launches $212M International Development Aid Fund.
Retrieved from: https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-launches-212m-international-development-aid-fund
Yudhoyono, S. B., (2012). President Yudhoyono’s speech at our Annual Address.
Retrieved from: https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/2012/11/05/president-yudhoyonos-speech-at-our-annual-address/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.64156
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 4031 | views : 2445Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.