DARI “DIMAKAN BUAYA” SAMPAI “MELAWAN TAKDIR” PENOLAKAN VAKSINASI CACAR AIR DAN CACAR SAPI DI JAWA PADA ABAD XIX
Abstract
Abstract
Smallpox (Variola major) and cowpox (Varicela major) were endemic diseases that afflicted the population of the Dutch East Indies in the 19th century. In the late 17th century, the smallpox virus underwent a mutation, resulting in a more severe and deadly form of the disease. In response, the Dutch Government in The Hague mandated further research to tackle the smallpox outbreak. Vaccine research and development were undertaken, and various methods were employed to transport the vaccine from the Netherlands to Java. However, the efficacy of the vaccine remained questionable, as some vaccinated individuals still contracted smallpox. This raised concerns and created unrest within the community. Based on contemporary newspapers, this research discovered various forms of vaccine rejection, ranging from the spread of negative news about vaccination to conspiracy theories about the targeting of certain ethnic groups for eradication. All of these factors accumulated and posed challenges for the Dutch East Indies government.
Abstrak
Penyakit cacar air (Variola major) dan cacar sapi (Varicela major) adalah penyakit yang banyak menyerang penduduk Hindia Belanda pada abad XIX. Kedua penyakit ini sering dianggap sebagai penyakit endemik dan sudah hidup bersama masyarakat. Pada akhir abad XVII, virus cacar bermutasi menjadi lebih kuat dan lebih mematikan. Untuk mencegah hal persebaran virus cacar air dan cacar sapi semakin meluas, Pemerintah Belanda di Den Haag menyatakan agar dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai wabah penyakit cacar ini. Proses penelitian dan pengembangan vaksin dilakukan. Berbagai cara digunakan untuk mendistribusi vaksin yang diciptakan di Belanda untuk dibawa ke Jawa. Namun efektivitas vaksin masih dipertanyakan karena ada beberapa kasus penderita cacar kembali terserang penyakit yang sama meskipun telah divaksinasi. Berdasarkan surat kabar sezaman, penelitian ini menemukan berbagai respons penolakan terhadap vaksinasi, mulai dari tersebarnya berita miring mengenai vaksinasi hingga konspirasi pemusnahan etnis tertentu. Semua hal ini terakumulasi dan menjadi tantangan bagi pemerintah Hindia Belanda.
References
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De Locomotief, 4 Maret 1891.
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