Isolation of Nutmeg Essential Oil (Myristica fragrans houtt) From Aceh Indonesia and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

Khairan Khairan; Meutia  Faradilla; Binawati  Ginting

doi:10.22146/ijp.8399

Khairan Khairan Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111; PUIPT-Nilam Aceh-Atsiri Research Centre, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111; Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111; Department of Chemistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111
Meutia Faradilla Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111; PUIPT-Nilam Aceh-Atsiri Research Centre, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111
Binawati Ginting PUIPT-Nilam Aceh-Atsiri Research Centre, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111; Department of Chemistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111

Keywords: Myristica fragrans Houtt, nutmeg essential oil, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity

Abstract

This study aims to isolate the nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) from Aceh Indonesia and evaluate their biological activity. The antioxidant activity of the nutmeg essential oils (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was determined by DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil) assay. The DPPH assay showed that arillus essential oil (AMFH) has the highest antioxidant activity with the IC₅₀ values was 216,695 ppm. The chemical composition of the AMFH was perfomed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the results showed that AMFH contains Terpinen-4-ol (T-4-ol), α-Terpineol (α-T), Safrole (Saf) and Myristicin (Myr) with the percentage area of 11.20%; 1.83%; 5.10%; and 27.80% respectively. The AMFH was isolated by column chromatography and four fractions were obtained, namely AMFH1; AMFH2; AMFH3; and AMFH4 fractions. The DPPH assay showed that the AMFH3 fraction showed excellent antioxidant activity with the IC₅₀ values of 59.329 ppm. The AMFH3 fraction was than reisolated by using by column chromatography to obtain four subfractions namely AMFH3A; AMFH3B; AMFH3C; and AMFH3D. The DPPH assay showed that the subfraction of AMFH3A has the highest antioxidant activity with the IC₅₀ values of 98.993 ppm. The antibacterial activity of AMFH3A subfractions was evaluated by Kirby Bauer-Disc diffusion method, and the results showed that AMFH3A subfraction showed slightly higher activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with the diameter inhibition of 14.28 mm and 12.26 mm respectively. The chemical composition of the AMFH3A subfraction was performed by GC-MS, and the results showed that AMFH3A subfraction contains Terpinen-4-ol (T-4-ol), α-Terpineol (α-T), Safrole (Saf) and Myristicin (Myr) with the percentage area of 14.37%; 2.16%; 7.36%; and 54.77% respectively.

References

Amarowicz, R. B., Pegg, P., Rahimi-Moghaddam, B. B., & Weil, J.A. (2004). Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chem. 84, 551-562, (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00278-4.
Bamidele, O., Akinnuga, AM., Alagbonsi, I.A., Ojo, O.A., Olorunfemi, J.O., & Akuyoma, M.A. (2011). Effects of ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt.(nutmeg) on some heamatological indices in albino rats. Int J Med Med Sci., 3(6):215–8.
http://www.academicjournals.org/ijmms
Bauer, K., Garbe, D., & Surburg, H. (2001). Common Fragrance and Flavor materials: Preparations, properties, and uses, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2001.
Bauer, K., & Garbe, D. (1985). Common Fragrance and Odor Materials. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft: Weinheim
Capasso, R., Pinto, L., Vuotto, M.L., & Di Carlo, G. (2000). Preventive effect of eugenol on PAF and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71 Suppl 1:S131–7.
doi: 10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00188-x. [PubMed: 10930724].
Du, A.Y., Zhao, B., Yin, D., Zhang, S. & Miao, J. (2005). Discovery of a novel small molecule, 1-ethoxy-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanol, that induces apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 13, 4176-4183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.031
Eid, A.A., & Hawash, M. (2021). Biological evaluation of Safrole oil and Safrole oil Nanoemulgel as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21:159.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021 03324-z
Ginting, B., Maira, R., Mustanir, Helmi, H., Desiyana, L. S., & Mujahid, R. (2018). Isolation of Essensial Oil Of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) and Antioxidant Activity Test With DPPH. Jurnal Natural, vol. 18 (1).
DOI 10.24815/jn.v18i1.6604.
Ginting, B., Mustanir, Nurdin, Maulidna, Murniati, & Safrina. (2021). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Bark. Pharmacogn J, 13 (3) : 780-786.
DOI:10.5530/pj.2021.13.99.
Gupta, A.D., Vipin, K.B., Vikash, B., & Nishi, M. (2013). Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 11, 25–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001
Held S., Schieberle P., & Somoza V. (2007). Characterization of alpha-terpineol as an anti-inflammatory component of orange juice by in vitro studies using oral buccal cells, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(20), 8040-8046.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071691m.
Helen M. P. A., Vargheese, T. A., Kumari, J. J. J., Abiramy, M. R., Sajina, N., & Jaya, S. S. (2012). Phytochemical Analysis and Anticancer Activity of Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research, 2(4), 188-198.
Khairan, K., Hasan, M., Idroes, R., & Diah, M. (2023). Fabrication and Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Corn Starch/Patchouli Oil Hydrogel Films Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized in Pogostemon cablin Benth Leaves’ Extract. Molecule MDPI, 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052020.
Manh, T.H., Ngoc Khanh, V., Thu Huong, T., Jeong , AK., Mi, H.W., & Byung, S.M. (2020). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: an updated review. Archives of Pharmacal Research volume 43, pages1067–1092.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4.
Muchtaridi, Anas, S., Anton, A., & Resmi, M. (2010). Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 4771-4781.
doi:10.3390/ijms11114771.
Morita, T., Keiko, J., Hirokazu, K., Yasushi, A., Hiroyuki, S., Takahiro, I., & Kimio, S. (2003). Hepatoprotective effect of myristicin from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury. J Agric Food Chem. 51(6):1560-5. doi: 10.1021/jf020946n.
Olaleye, M.T., Akinmoladun, C.A., & Akindahunsi, A.A. (2006), Antioxidant properties of Myristica fragrans (Houtt) and its effect on selected organs of albino rats. Afr J Biotechnol. 5(15):1274–8.
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB.
Sonavane, G.S., Sarveiya, V.P., Kasture, V.S., & Kasture, S.B. (2002). Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71, 239–244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00660-8.
Suthagar, P.P., Roziahanim, M., Amin, M.S., Abdul Majid, Zeyad Daoud, M.N. (2012a). Antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5, 4, 294-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60042-X.
Suthagar, P.P., Roziahanim, M., Wei, C.L., & Shanmugapriya, P. (2012b). Anti-parasitic Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Essential Oil against Toxoplasma gondii Parasite, APCBEE Procedia, 2, 92-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.017.
Thuong, P.T., Hung, T.M., Khoi, N.M., Nhung, H.T.M., Chinh, N.T., Quy, N.T. (2014). Cytotoxic and anti-tumor activities of lignans from the seeds of Vietnamese nutmeg Myristica fragrans. Arch Pharmacal Res. 37(3):399-403.
doi: 10.1007/s12272-013-0185-4.
Touyz R.M. (2000). Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension, Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2000, 2(1), 98-105.
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-000-0066-3.
Yuniasih, M., Jubeliene, T., & Rachmawati, D. A. (2021). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) from Ambon Moluccas, The 7th International Conference on Basic Sciences 2021 (ICBS 2021). AIP Conf. Proc. 2588, 020012-1–020012-4; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0113251.