Hide
Show all
* Corresponding Author
The Effect of Sanitation on Stunting Prevalence in Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.80186 Nizaruddin Nizaruddin(1), M. Irsyad Ilham(2*)
(1) Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Preparing children from birth can boost productivity and competitiveness later in their lives. However, the occurrence of malnutrition and stunting during childhood period will reduce their productivity and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases later in their lives. This study examines the effect of sanitation, drinking water sources, and drinking water treatment on stunting in Indonesian children (0-59 months). This study analyses cross- sectional data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 with 3,834 children living with their biological mothers. The Logistic Regression to estimate the coefficients is applied here. The results show that the variables of sanitation, drinking water sources, and drinking water treatment before consuming affected stunting. Children who consume tap water are less likely to be stunted (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.66-0.99). Birth weight, economic conditions, and mother’s level of education also affect risk of stunting. Hence, to overcome the risk of stunting, the government have to accelerate the supply of basic sanitation, to protect the good quality of drinking water sources, and to promote the awareness of boiling water before consumption.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Achadi, Endang L. 2014. “Seribu Hari yang Menentukan Masa Depan Bangsa” (Speech at Inaugural Ceremony as Professor in Public Health Nutrition Studies, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia). Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Adair, L. S. & Guilkey, D. K. 1997. Age-specific determinants of stunting in Filipino children. J. Nutr. 127, 314–320.
Adioetomo, S. M. 2017. Memetik Bonus Demografi, Seribu Hari Pertama Kehidupan: Awal Pembangunan Keterampilan Kognitif. Demographic Institute-Universitas Indonesia.
Agedew, Eskezyiaw and Chane, Tefera. 2015. Prevalence of Stunting among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Kemba Woreda, Southern Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study. Advances in Public Health. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
Anker, M., & World Health Organization. 2007. Addressing sex and gender in epidemic-prone infectious diseases. WHO.
Aryastami, N. K. 2015. Pertumbuhan usia dini menentukan pertumbuhan hingga usia prapubertas (studi longitudinal IFLS 1993-1997-2000). Dissertation. Faculty of Public Health. Public Health Studies. Universitas Indonesia.
Bartram, J., & Cairncross, S. 2010. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Med, 7(11), e1000367.
Bhutta, Z. A., Nizami, S. Q., Thobani, S., & Issani, Z. 1997. Risk factors for mortality among hospitalized children with persistent diarrhea in Pakistan. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 43(6), 330-336.
Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., De Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Mathers, C., and Rivera, J. 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet, 371(9608), 243-260.
Blake, P. A., Ramos, S., MacDonald, K. L., Rassi, V., Gomes, T. A. T., Ivey, C., et al. 1993. Pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal disease in urban Brazilian infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 167(3), 627-632.
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2015. Potret Awal Pembangunan Pasca MDGs, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Jakarta-BPS.
Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S. 2016. Can water, sanitation, and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications. Maternal & child nutrition, 12(S1), 91-105.
De Onis, M., Blössner, M., & Villar, J. O. S. É. 1998. Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, S5-15.
Dornan, P., & Georgiadis, A. 2015. Nutrition, Stunting, and Catch-Up Growth. Young Live, Oxford Department of International Development.
Esrey, S. A. 1996. Water, waste, and well-being: a multicountry study.American journal of epidemiology, 143(6), 608- 623.
Fitri. 2012. Berat Lahir Sebagai Faktor Dominan Terjadinya Stunting Pada Balita (12-59 Bulan) di Sumatera (Analisis Data Riskesdas 2010). Thesis. Faculty of Public Health. Public Health Studies. Universitas Indonesia.
Georgiadis, A. 2014. Child Malnutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Determinants, Implications, and Opportunities for Social Entrepreneurship. Young Lives Study Department of International Development University of Oxford Queens Elizabeth House.
Haddad, L. J., Hawkes, C., Achadi, E., Ahuja, A., Ag Bendech, M., et al. 2015. Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and accountability to advance nutrition and sustainable development. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
Hotez, P. J., Bundy, D. A., Beegle, K., Brooker, S., Drake, L., de Silva, N., Chow, J., et al. 2006. Helminth infections: soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis.
King, Charles H. 2010. Parasites and Poverty: The Case of Schistosomiasis. NIH Public Access, Acta Trop, 113 (2), 95-104, DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.012.
Kossmann. J., Nestel, P., Herrera, M.G., El Amin, A., & Fawzi, W.W. 2000. Undernutrition in relation to childhood infections: A prospective study in Sudan. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 463–472.
Mara, D., Lane, J., Scott, B., & Trouba, D. 2010. Sanitation and health.PLoS Med, 7(11), e1000363.
Martorell, R., Khan, L. K., & Schroeder, D. G. 1994. Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological findings in children from developing countries. European journal of clinical nutrition, 48, S45-57.
Mendez, M. A., & Adair, L. S. 1999. The severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(8), 1555-1562.
Merchant, A. T., Jones, C., Kiure, A., Kupka, R., Fitzmaurice, G., Herrera, M. G., & Fawzi, W. W. 2003. Water and sanitation are associated with improved child growth. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(12), 1562-1568.
Mukuddem-Petersen, J., & Kruger, H. S. (2004). Association between stunting and overweight among 10–15-y-old children in the North-West Province of South Africa: the THUSA BANA Study.International journal of obesity, 28(7), 842-851.
Olofin, I., McDonald, C. M., Ezzati, M., Flaxman, S., Black, R. E., Fawzi, W. W., Caulfield, L. E., Danaei, G. 2013. Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: A pooled analysis of ten prospective studies. PloS one, 8(5), e64636.
Parekh, R., & Pillai, V. K. 2016. Stunting in India: An Empirical Approach to Human Rights-Based Solutions. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work,1(4), 184-192.
Prendergast, A. J., & Humphrey, J. H. 2014. The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Pediatrics and international child health, 34(4), 250-265.
Prentice, A. M., Ward, K. A., Goldberg, G. R., Jarjou, L. M., Moore, S. E., Fulford, A. J., & Prentice, A. 2013. Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(5), 911-918. Presidential Regulation No. 42 of 2013 on the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition Improvement.
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., & Bartram, J. 2008.Safer water, better health: costs, benefits, and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization.
Prüss Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., et al. 2014. The burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene in low and middle-income settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 894-905.
Saaka, M., & Galaa, S. Z. 2016. Relationships between Wasting and Stunting and Their Concurrent Occurrence in Ghanaian Preschool Children. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2016.
Sari, M., de Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Sun, K., Thorne Lyman,A.L.,etal.2010.Higher household expenditure on the animal-source and nongrain foods lower the risk of stunting among children 0–59 months old in Indonesia: Implications of rising food prices. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 195S-200S.
Semali IA, Tengia-Kessy A, Mmbaga EJ, Leyna G. 2015. Prevalence and determinants of stunting in under-five children in central Tanzania: Remaining threats to achieving millennium development goal 4. BMC Public Health, 15(1553), 4-9. https://doi./org/10.1186/ s12889-015-2507-6.
Shapiro-Mendoza, C., Selwyn, B. J., Smith, D. P., & Sanderson, M. 2005. Parental pregnancy intention and early childhood stunting: Findings from Bolivia.International journal of epidemiology, 34(2), 387-396.
Smith, L. C., & Haddad, L. 2015. Reducing child undernutrition: past drivers and priorities for the post-MDG era. World Development, 68, 180-204.
Sodha, S. V., Menon, M., Trivedi, K., Ati, A., Figueroa, M. E., Ainslie, R., et al. 2011. Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of water and health, 9(3), 577-585.
Souganidis, E. 2012. The relevance of micronutrients to the prévention of stunting. Sight and life, 26(2), 10-18.
Thompson, Amanda L. 2021. Greater Male Vulnerability to Stunting? Evaluating Sex Differences in Growth, Pathways, and Biocultural Mechanisms. HHS Public Access, Ann Hum Biol, 48 (6): 466-473, doi:10.1080/03014460.2021.1998622.
Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. 2016. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role of the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health,16(1), 669.
Unicef. 2013. Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress. Unicef. Urke HB, Bull T, Mittelmark MB. 2011. Socioeconomic status and chronic child malnutrition: Wealth and maternal education matter more in the Peruvian Andes than nationally. Nutr Res. 31(10), 741-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.09.007. PMID: 22074798.
Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L., Sachdev, H. S. 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital.The Lancet,371(9609), 340-357.
Wamani, H., Tylleskär, T., Åstrøm, A.N. et al. 2004. Mothers' education but not fathers' education, household assets, or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. Int J Equity Health, 3 (9). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-3-9.
Willey, B. A., Cameron, N., Norris, S. A.,
Pettifor, J. M., & Griffiths, P. L. 2009. Socio-economic predictors of stunting in preschool children: a population-based study from Johannesburg and Soweto. SAMJ: South African Medical Journal, 99(6), 450-456.
World Health Organization. 1978. “A Growth Chart for International Use in Maternal and Child Health Care.” Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. 1995. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO technical report series no. 854. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chronicle, 38, 104-108.
World Health Organization. 2014. WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.80186
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 4348
| 
views : 2820
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Populasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright of Jurnal Populasi ISSN 0853-6202 (PRINT), ISSN: 2476-941X (ONLINE).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Populasi Indexed by:
