The Child Marriage Trends in 3T Regions of Sumatra: The Impact of Law No. 16/2019 and the Covid-19 Pandemic on Poor Communities

Budi Wahyuni; Ratih Hidayah Nur; Sri Purwatiningsih

doi:10.22146/jp.102690

The Child Marriage Trends in 3T Regions of Sumatra: The Impact of Law No. 16/2019 and the Covid-19 Pandemic on Poor Communities

https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.102690

Budi Wahyuni⁽¹⁾, Ratih Hidayah Nur⁽²⁾, Sri Purwatiningsih^(3*)

(1) Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Asosiasi Perempuan Indosesia untuk Keadilan (LBH APIK), Yogyakarta
(2) Indonesia Women Center Yayasan Hari Ibu (YHI) Kowani, Yogyakarta
(3) Center for Population and Policy Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The study "Identification of Changes in Marriage Trends Age < 19 years Post the Law No. 16/ 2019 and in Covid Age 19 in Rural and Urban Poor, in 3T (Outer, Remote, and Frontier) Region of Sumatra Island" was carried out by PERMAMPU (Perempuan Sumatra Mampu) in 26 villages distributed over 26 districts, in 8 provinces on the island of Sumatra, using the FPAR (Feminist Participatory Action Research) method. This study is undermined by PERMAMPU's concerns about the increasing data and practice of child marriage and early marriage <19 years especially in the countryside, although the Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974, which previously allowed 16 years of marriage for women and 19 years for men, has been reduced to a minimum age of 19 years in women and men through the Law No.1 of 2019. The FPAR method focuses on the life stories of women and related stakeholders. The information and data obtained from 1,147 sources (986 women & 161 men) resulted in 32 case studies. In addition to qualitative data, also obtained quantitative data that showed an increasing trend in child-age marriage practices. This is typically caused by, among other things, a lack of understanding of Law No. 16 of 2019 and a low level of education about sexual and reproductive health rights, which led to unwanted pregnancies, school dropouts, and poverty.

Keywords

child marriages; 3T (Outer, Remote, and Frontier); reproductive health; poverty

Full Text:

PDF

References

Andajani, S, Najmah, Etrawati, F. 2022. “Feminist-Partisipasi, Aksi Dan Riset (FPAR) Dalam Upaya Promosi Kesehatan Dan Pencegahan Hiv Pada Ibu Rumah Tangga” Promosi Kesehatan dalam Berbagai Perspektif. Aceh: Syah Kuala University Press.

Anggreni, D., Notobroto, H. B., & Soedirham, O. (2023). Determinants factors of early marriage in developing countries: a literature review. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 14(S2), Article 2543. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2543

Atnike Nova Sigiro. Catatan Jurnal Perempuan: Hak Anak dan Keadilan Gender www.jurnalperempuan.org/uploads/1/2/2/0/12201443/105_cjp__1_.pdf

Bappenas, 2020. National Strategy on the Prevention of Child Marriage

Dadras, Omid, Hazratzai, Mohammadsediq, and Dadras, Fateme, 2023. “The association of child marriage with morbidities and mortality among children under 5 years in Afghanistan: findings from a national survey” BMC Public Health (2023) 23:32

Dafani, Sherly Kurnia, Komalasari, Maya Atri, dan Awalia, Hafizah. 2023. “Faktor Pendorong Praktik Perkawinan Anak Di Desa Taman Baru, Kecamatan Sekotong” in Multikultural: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Vol. 1 No 1, Juli 2023: 30-37

Eleonora, Fransisca Novita, and Sari, Andang. 2019. “Child Protection And Marriage Prevention” Humani; Hukum dan Masyarakat Madani Vol 9 No. 1: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/humani.v9i1.1446

Elfani, Azzahra Hanurita, Muarifah, Alif. 2022. “Regulasi Emosi Pasangan Pernikahan Dini Akibat Kehamilan yang Tidak Diinginkan (KTD) di Kecamatan Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta” Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Vol 10 No. 2: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v10i2.7561

Hidayatulloh, Ilham, et all. 2018. “Persepsi Perkawinan Usia Dini dan Pemberdayaan Gender (Studi Kasus Desa Pancawati Kecamatan Caringin Kabupaten Bogor)" Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Sosiologi. Vol. 3 (1): hal 1-16

Hikmah, Nuria. 2019. “Faktor-Faktor yang Menyebabkan Terjadinya Pernikahan Dini di Desa Muara Wis Kecamatan Muara Wis Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara“ eJournal Sosiatri-Sosiologi, Volume 7, No.1, 2019: 261-272

Judiasih, Sonny Dewi dkk. Implementasi Hak Pendidikan Terhadap Anak Perempuan Yang Melakukan Perkawinan Dibawah Umur. Juris and Society: Jurnal Ilmiah Sosial dan Humaniora, Vol. 2 No. 1 Juni 2022: 105

Khaerani, S. N. (2019). “Faktor Ekonomi Dalam Pernikahan Dini Pada Masyarakat Sasak Lombok” Qawwam, 13(1), 1–13. doi:10.20414/qawwam.v13i1.1619

Khaparistia, Eka dan Edward. 2015. “Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Pernikahan Usia Muda Studi Kasus di Kelurahan Sawit Seberang Kecamatan Sawit Seberang Kabupaten Langkat” dalam Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, Vol. 141: hal 39-52

Komnas Perempuan. 2019. “Siaran Pers Komnas Perempuan ”Refleksi 25 Tahun Pelaksanaan Beijing Platform for Action di Indonesia: Komitmen Negara dalam Menjawab Tantangan 12 Bidang Kritis Kehidupan Perempuan” https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/siaran-pers-komnas-perempuan-refleksi-25-tahun-pelaksanaan-beijing-platform-for-action-di-indonesia

Latifiani, Dian. 2019. “The Darkest Phase For Family: Child Marriage Prevention And Its Complexity In Indonesia” JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) Volume 4 Issue 2: 241-258

Lebni, JY, Solhi M, Azar, FEF et al. 2020. “Qualitative study of social determinants of child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran:Evidence for health promotion interventions”. J Educ Health Promot; 9. Epub ahead of print 2020

Maheshwari, Marvi, V, Nabeeha Khalid, Pragnesh D Patel, Rahmah Alghareeb, and Afshan Hussain, 2022. “Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Narrative Review” Cureus Vol 14 No. 6: e25921. DOI 10.7759/cureus.25921

Marta, Arif Rahmadia. 2017. “Keputusan Perempuan Menikah Dini” Konselor, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 101–104, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/02017637689-0-00

Meliati, Linda and Sundayani, Lina. 2021. “Upaya Peningkatan Pengetahuan Remaja Dalam Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan Dimasa Pandemi COVID-19” SELAPARANG, Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan. Volume 5, Nomor 1. Desember 2021

Mubasyaroh, M. 2016. “Analisis Faktor Penyebab Pernikahan Dini Dan Dampaknya Bagi Pelakunya”. Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan Yudisia, Vol 7 No. 2, 385-411. DOI : 10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2161

Muhith, A, A. Fardiansyah, M. H. Saputra, & Nurmiyati, “Analysis of causes and impacts of early marriage on Madurese Sumenep East Java Indonesia,” Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1495-1499, 2018, DOI: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00944.0

Musawwamah, S, Taufiq, M, Hariyanto, W, Supraptiningsih, U, and Maimun. 2023. “Resistance to Child Marriage Prevention in Indonesia and Malaysia” Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Vol 23 No. 1: DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v23i1.32014

Nabila, Rizkia, Roswiyani, R, and Satyadi, Heryanti. 2022. “A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Early Marriage Decisions in Indonesia” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 655: 1392-1402 under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 1392

Natsif, F. A. .2018. “Problematika Perkawinan Anak (Persppektif Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif)” Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam, 5(2), 175–186.

Naveed, S., and Butt, D. K. M. 2020. “Causes and consequences of child marriages in South Asia: Pakistan’s perspective” South Asian Studies, 30(2).

Parsons, Jennifer, Jeffrey Edmeades, Aslihan Kes, Suzanne Petroni, Maggie Sexton and Quentin Wodon, 2015. “Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature” The Review of Faith & Internasional Affairs, Volume 13, 2015: : 12-22.

Psaki S, Misunas C, Patel S, et al. “What are the drivers of child marriage? A conceptual framework to guide policies and programs”. Journal Adolescent Health 2021; 69:S13e22.

Puspitasari, MD, Murniati, C, Nasution, SL. 2021. “Determinan Perencanaan Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan pada Remaja 10-19 Tahun di Indonesia: Analisis SKAP KKBPK Tahun 2019” Jurnal Keluarga Berencana Vol.6 No.02 (2021) 21-34

Putri, Intan Mutiara and Rosida, Luluk. 2019. “Peningkatan Pengetahuan Program Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan di Karang Taruna Angkatan Muda Salakan Bantul Yogyakarta” Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Kebidanan Vol 1 No. 1: DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/jpmk.v1i1.4475

Ritzer, George. 2014. Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda, Jakarta: PT Rajawali Press.

Riany, Yulina Eva. 2022. “Jumlah Kasus Pernikahan Anak di Indonesia Duduki Posisi 7 Dunia, Mirip Afrika dan Amerika Latin“ https://ipb.ac.id/news/index/2022/03/jumlah-kasus-pernikahan-anak-di-indonesia-duduki-posisi-7-dunia-mirip-afrika-dan-amerika-latin/5d42a51f095aadc822ac813d6d23d6f4

Risalah Kebijakan Perkawinan Anak: Menutup Aib dan Tertutupnya Hak Atas Pendidikan, Ekonomi dan Kesehatan Mental, Reproduksi serta Seksual. Hfflm 1-2. © Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan (Komnas Perempuan), 2019

Salam, S. 2017. “Dispensasi Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur: Perspektif Hukum Adat, Hukum Negara & Hukum Islam”. Pagaruyung Law Journal, Vol 1 No 1: 110-124. https://jurnal.umsb.ac.id/index.php/pagaruyuang/article/view/273

Siswari, DB, Sari, AS, Novita, RI, Sahraini. 2022. “Pendidikan Kesehatan Pada Remaja Tentang Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan Di Dusun Anjani Selatan 1” Indonesian Journal of Community Dedication (IJCD) Volume 4 Nomor 2 Juli 2022: 40-46

Sulaiman, S. 2012. “Dominasi Tradisi dalam Perkawinan di Bawah Umur”. Jurnal Analisa, Vol 19 No 1: 15-26. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/42045-ID-domination- of-tradition-in-under-age-marriage.pdf

Tan, W. 2021. “Perkawinan Di Bawah Umur Dan Tantangan Dalam Mencapai Sustainable Development Goals”. Justisi, 7(2), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v7i2.1342

WHO, 2006. Pregnant Adolescents : Delivering On Global Promises of Hope, Geneva, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Yoshida, Yeni Herliana, Rachman, Junita Budi, Darmawan, Wawan Budi. 2022. “Upaya Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Pernikahan Anak Sebagai Implementasi Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Tujuan 5 (5.3)” Aliansi : Jurnal Politik, Keamanan dan Hubungan Internasional Volume 1 No. 3, Desember 2022 Hal : 153-166

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.102690