Reproductive Behavior and Parental Role of Giant Gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801)

https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.90746

Timothy Irsyad Junior(1), Ignatius Hardaningsih(2), Harya Bimasuci(3), Dini Wahyu Kartika Sari(4*)

(1) Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
(2) Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
(3) Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia
(4) Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Biotechnology Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801), a popular aquaculture species in Southeast Asia, exhibits unique cooperative biparental care behaviour. To support captive breeding efforts, this study aimed to visually document the reproductive activity of giant gourami, elucidate each stage in detail, and provide insights into the distinct parenting roles of males and females. Underwater cameras were used to observe a breeding pair of gourami in a pond for five days, conducted three times with different pairs during different spawning periods. The male and female contributions to nest building were quantitatively analysed using the T-test, while their parental care involvement was qualitatively assessed and statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results revealed three main phases of giant gourami reproduction: pre-spawning (including adaptation, nest building, and courtship), spawning and fertilisation, and post-spawning with parental care. Our observation confirmed the biparental tendency, with males being more involved in pre-spawning activities and females taking on a prominent role in post-spawning care. In conclusion, males focused on mating preparations and courtship, while females invested more in parental care.


Keywords


Breeding; Reproduction; Spawning; Parental Roles; Parental Care

Full Text:

PDF


References

Abrahams, M.V., Robb, T.L. & Hare, J.F., 2005. Effect of hypoxia on opercular displays: evidence for an honest signal? Animal Behaviour, 70(2), pp.427–432. doi: 1016/j.anbehav.2004.12.007

Amornsakun, T., Kullai, S. & Hassan, A., 2014. Some aspects in early life stage of giant gourami,Osphronemus goramy (Lacepède) larvae. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36(5), pp.493–498.

An, D., Huang, J. & Wei, Y., 2021. A survey of fish behaviour quantification indexes and methods in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(4), pp.2169-2189. doi: 10.1111/raq.12564

Araujo, G.S. et al., 2022. Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of Marine Science Engineering, 10(11), 1598. doi: 10.3390/jmse10111598

Arifin, O.Z., At-thar, M.H.F. & Nafiqoh, N., 2013. Pengaruh induk dan heterosis karakter pertumbuhan hasil persilangan intraspesifik gurame bastar dan bleuesafir (Osphronemus goramy). Proceedings of Aquaculture Innovation and Technology Forum (FITA), pp.703-709.

Bronstein, P.M., 1982. Breeding, paternal behavior, and their interruption in Betta splendens. Animal Learning & Behavior, 10, pp.145–151. doi: 10.3758/BF03212262

Castro, J. et al., 2006. ATP steal between cation pumps: a mechanism linking Na+ influx to the onset of necrotic Ca2+ overload. Cell Death and Differentiation, 13(10), pp.1675-1685. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401852

Chacko, J.J. & Sekharan, N.M., 2022. Sexual dimorphism in structures, size and shape of the cyprinid Nilgiri melon barb, Haludaria fasciata. Fisheries & Aquatic Life, 30(3), pp. 138–148. doi: 10.2478/aopf-2022-0013

Chandran, B.K.S., Jayaprakas, V. & Kumar, A.B., 2013. Breeding behaviour of Spiketail Paradise Fish, Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 1(3), pp.267-276.

Cole, B. et al., 1999. A manual for commercial production of the gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, a temporary paired spawner, Hawaii: Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture.

Du, L., Lu, Z. & Li, D., 2022. Broodstock breeding behaviour recognition based on Resnet50-LSTM with CBAM attention mechanism. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 202, 107404. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2022.107404

Dzieweczynski, T.L., Greaney, N.E. & Mannion, K.L., 2014. Who's watching me: female Siamese fighting fish alter their interactions in response to an audience. Ethology, 120(9), 855e862. doi: 10.1111/eth.12255

FAO, 2023. FishStatJ: Software for fishery statistical time series. Roma: FAO.

Forsatkar, M.N., Nematollahi, M.A. & Brown, C., 2016. Male Siamese fighting fish use gill flaring as the first display towards territorial intruders. Journal of Ethology, 35(1), pp.51–59. doi: 10.1007/s10164-016-0489-1

Garita-Alvarado, C.A., Naranjo-Elizondor, B. & Barrantes, G., 2018. Mating and aggressive behaviour of Brachyrhaphis olomina (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Journal of Ethology, 36, pp.1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10164-017-0523-y

Goddard, K. & Mathis, A., 1997. Do opercular flaps of male long ear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) serve as sexual ornaments during female mate choice? Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9(3), pp.223–231.

Green, B. S. & McCormick, M. I., 2004. O2 replenishment to fish nests: males adjust brood care to ambient conditions and brood development. Behavioral Ecology, 16(2), pp.389–397. doi: 10.1093/beheco/ari007

Hall, D.D. & Miller, R. J., 1968. A qualitative study of courtship and reproductive behavior in the pearl gourami, Trigchogaster leeri (Bleeker). Behaviour, 32(1), pp.70–84. doi: 10.1163/156853968x00090

Hayakawa, Y. & Kobayashi, M., 2009. Clasping behavior and the asymmetrically latitudinal structure of the testes in the male dwarf gourami Colisa lalia. Ichthyological Research, 57, pp.40–48. doi: 10.1007/s10228-009-0121-2

Huang, C.Y. & Lin, H.C., 2016. Different oxygen stresses on the responses of branchial morphology and protein expression in the gills and labyrinth organ in the aquatic air-breathing fish, Trichogaster microlepis. Zoological Studies, 55, e27. doi: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-27.

Huang, W.B. & Chang, C.C., 2011. Effects of parental care and body size on the reproductive success of the paradise fish Macropodus opercularis in a small area. Zoological Studies, 50(4), pp.401-408.

Ishimatsu, A., Mai, H.V. & Martin, K.L.M., 2018. Patterns of fish reproduction at the interface between air and water. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 58, pp.1064 – 1085. doi: 10.1093/icb/icy108

Ismail, S.N., Hamid, M.A. & Mansor, M., 2018. Ecological correlation between aquatic vegetation and freshwater fish populations in Perak River, Malaysia. Biodiversitas, 19(1), pp.279-284. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d190138

Itzkowitz, M., Santangelo, N. & Richter, M., 2001. Parental division of labour and the shift from minimal to maximal role specializations: an examination using a biparental fish. Animal Behaviour, 61(6), pp.1237–1245. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1724

Jacob, E., 2013. Studies on the captive breeding and reproductive biology of two indigenous ornamental fishes of the Western Ghats. Mahatma Gandhi University.

Jaroensutasinee, M. & Jaroensutansinee, K., 2001. Bubble nest habitat characteristics of wild Siamese fighting fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 58(5), pp.1311–1319. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02288.x

Jennions, M.D. & Kokko, H., 2010. Sexual selection. In Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, pp.343– 364.

Kokko, H. & Jennions M. D., 2008. Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21(4), pp. 919–948. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.x

Kottelat, M. et al., 2006. Paedocypris, a new genus of Southeast Asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism, comprises the world’s smallest vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1589), pp.895–899. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3419

Kramer, D.L. & Liley, N.R., 1971. The role of spawning behaviour and stimuli from the eggs in the induction of a parental response in the blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus (Pisces, Belontiidae). Animal Behaviour, 19(1), pp.87-92. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80139-2

Kramer, D.L., 1973. Parental behaviour in the blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus (Pisces, Belontiidae) and its induction during exposure to varying numbers of conspecific eggs. Behaviour, 47(1), pp.14-32. doi: 10.1163/156853973X00256

Kranenbarg, S. et al., 2000. Physical Constraints on Body Size in Teleost Embryos. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 204(1), pp.113–133. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.2000.1093

Krasnec, M.O., Cook, C.N. & Breed, M.D., 2012. Mating Systems in Sexual Animals. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 72.

Kristanto, A.H. et al., 2019. Egg and fry production of giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy): rearing practices and recommendations for future research. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(1), pp.119–138. doi: 10.1111/jwas.12647.

Kupferschmidt, C. et al., 2019. Using Video to Evaluate Depth and Velocity Selection by Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in Pools of an Engineered Tundra Stream. Arctic, 72(2), pp.108-115. doi: 10.14430/arctic68171

Kustan, J.M., Maruska, K.P. & Fernald, R.D., 2011. Subordinate male cichlids retain reproductive competence during social suppression. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1728), pp.434–443. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0997

Lichak, M.R. et al., 2022. Care and Use of Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens) for Research. Comparative Medicine, 72(3), pp.169-180. doi: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-22-000051

Liengpornpan, S., Jaroensutasinee, M. & Jaroensutasinee, K., 2006. Mating habits and nest habitats of the croaking gourami Trichopsis vittata. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 52(5), pp.846-853.

Liker, A. et al., 2015. Sex differences in parental care: gametic investment, sexual selection, and social environment. Evolution, 69(11), pp.2862–2875. doi: 10.1111/evo.12786

Limberger, D., 1983. Pairs and Harems in a Cichlid Fish, Lamprologus brichardi. Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 62(2), pp.115–144. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02146.x

Ling, S.W., 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Martin, B.M. & Irwin, E.R., 2011. A Digital Underwater Video Camera System for Aquatic Research in Regulated Rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 30(6), pp.1365-1369. doi: 10.1577/M09-201.1

Maruska, K.P., & Fernald, R.D., 2010. Behavioral and physiological plasticity: rapid changes during social ascent in an African cichlid fish. Hormones and Behavior, 58(2), pp.230–240. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.011

Maurakis, E.G., Katula, R. & Roston, W., 2001. Spawning Behavior in Hemitremia flammea (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae). Virginia Journal of Science, 52(4), pp.273-278. doi: 25778/xxrf-3z78.

Mendez-Sanchez, J.F. & Burggren, W.W., 2019. Hypoxia-induced developmental plasticity of larval growth, gill and labyrinth organ morphometrics in two anabantoid fish: The facultative air-breather Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the obligate air-breather the blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus). Journal of Morphology, 280(2), pp.193–204. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20931

Mes, D. et al., 2018. Neurobiology of Wild and Hatchery-Reared Atlantic Salmon: How Nurture Drives Neuroplasticity. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 12(210), pp.1-12. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00210

Miller, R.J. & Jearld, A., 1983. Behavior and phylogeny of fishes of the genus Colisa and the family Belontiidae. Behaviour, 83(1), pp.155–185. doi: 10.1163/156853982X00076

Mitra, K. et al., 2006. Captive breeding and embryonic development of Honey Gourami, Colisa sota (Ham,-Buch). Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research, 10(1), pp.93- 99.

Nafiqoh, N. & Nugroho, E., 2013. Performa pertumbuhan ikan gurame pada tahap pendederan di hatcheri tertutup. Proceedings of Aquaculture Innovation and Technology Forum (FITA), pp.51 - 56.

Navarrete-Fernández, T. et al., 2014. Nest building and description of parental care behavior in a temperate reef fish, Chromis crusma (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Rev. Chil. de Hist. Nat., 87(30), pp.1-9. doi: 10.1186/s40693-014-0030-2

O’Brien, R.N. et al., 1978. Natural Convection: A Mechanism for Transporting Oxygen to Incubating Salmon Eggs. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 35(10), pp.1316–1321. doi: 10.1139/f78-206

Paull, G.C. et al., 2010. Dominance Hierarchies in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Their Relationship with Reproductive Success. Zebrafish, 7(1), pp.109–117. doi: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0618

Pollak, E.I. et al., 1981. Multiple matings in the Blue Gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus (Pisces, Belontiidae). Animal Behaviour, 29(1), pp.55-63. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80151-0

Rácz, A. et al., 2021. Housing, Husbandry and Welfare of a “Classic” Fish Model, the Paradise Fish (Macropodus opercularis). Animals, 11(3), pp.1-23. doi: 10.3390/ani11030786

Rainwater, F.L. & Miller, R.J., 1968. Courtship and reproductive behaviour of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens Regan (Pisces, Belontiidae). Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 47, 98–114.

Rimmer, M.A. et al., 2013. A review and SWOT analysis of aquaculture development in Indonesia. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(4), pp.255–279. doi: 10.1111/raq.12017

Rüber, L., Britz, R. & Zardoya, R., 2006. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Diversification of Labyrinth Fishes (Perciformes: Anabantoidei). Systematic Biology, 55(3), pp.374–397. doi: 10.1080/10635150500541664

Rüber, L. et al., 2004. Evolution of mouthbrooding and life-history correlates in the fighting fish genus Betta. Evolution, 58(4), pp.799–813. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00413.x

Ruggirello, J.E. et al., 2020. Use of underwater videography to quantify conditions utilized by endangered Moapa Dace while spawning. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 40(1), pp.17-28. doi: 10.1002/nafm.10356

Saha, S. et al., 2017. Breeding and embryonic development of an indigenous ornamental fish Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) in captive condition. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(3), pp.111-115.

Settle, R.A. et al., 2018. Quantitative Behavioral Analysis of First Successful Captive Breeding of Endangered Ozark Hellbenders. Front. Ecol. Evol., 6, pp.1-11. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00205

Slembrouck, J. et al., 2019. Gender identification in farmed giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy): A methodology for better broodstock management. Aquaculture, 498, pp.388–395. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.056

Slembrouck, J. et al., 2020. Seasonal variation of giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) spawning activity and egg production in aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 527, 735450. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735450

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), 2000. SNI 01-6485.3-2000: Produksi benih ikan gurame (Osphronemus goramy, Lac) kelas benih sebar, Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN).

Sutton, F.B. & Wilson, A.B., 2019. Where are all the moms? External fertilization predicts the rise of male parental care in bony fishes. Evolution, 73(12), pp.2451–2460. doi: 10.1111/evo.13846

Tanjung, L.R. & Jhonly P., 2015. Ikan Gurami Padang dan Teknik Budidaya Jhonly Pilo, Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Tate, M. et al., 2017. Life in a bubble: the role of the labyrinth organ in determining territory, mating and aggressive behaviours in anabantoids. Journal of Fish Biology, 91(3), pp.723–749. doi: 10.1111/jfb.13357

Tripp, J.A. et al., 2020. Mating Behavioral Function of Preoptic Galanin Neurons Is Shared between Fish with Alternative Male Reproductive Tactics and Tetrapods. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(7), pp.1549-1559. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1276-19.2019

Trivers, R.L., 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual Selection and The Descent of Man: The Darwinian Pivot, New York, USA: Taylor & Francis. pp 136–179.

van Lieshout, E., Svensson, P.A. & Wong, B.B.M., 2013. Consequences of paternal care on pectoral fin allometry in a desert-dwelling fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 67, pp.513–518. doi: 10.1007/s00265-012-1470-9

White, C.R. & Seymour, R.S., 2011. Physiological functions that scale to body mass in fish. In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From genome to environment, London, UK: Elsevier. pp.1573–1582.

Yap, W.G., 1999. Rural Aquaculture in the Philippines. FAO RAP Publication 1999/20. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.

Yokoi, S. et al., 2016. Mate-guarding behavior enhances male reproductive success via familiarization with mating partners in medaka fish. Frontiers in Zoology, 13(21), pp.1-10. doi: 10.1186/s12983-016-0152-2

Zempo, B., 2021. High-speed camera recordings uncover previously unidentified elements of zebrafish mating behaviors integral to successful fertilization. Scientific Reports, 11, 20228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99638-6

Zworykin, D.D., 2012. Reproduction and spawning behavior of the climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Perciformes, Anabantidae) in an aquarium. Journal of Ichthyology, 52, pp.379–388. doi: 10.1134/s0032945212040169



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.90746

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2247 | views : 934

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Editoral address:

Faculty of Biology, UGM

Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)