TEORI LOKASI: REPRESENTASI LANDASAN MIKRO BAGI TEORI PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH



Prasetyo Soepono(1*)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The birth of a region originates in the optimal location decision of individual
firms. Factors that affect the optimal location of individual firms are transfer
orientation (resources and market), and local input-orientation [energy, labor, inter
mediate inputs (localization economies & urbanization economies), amenities/quality
of life, local public' services, taxes, government incentives, local business climate,
site costs and national political climate & stability]. Once the optimal location of each
individual firm has been determined, the next development is to what extent it can
under price and sell its product. The extent of the market constitutes a market area:
When each of all other firms producing the same products, has possessed its own
market area, those firms have formed the location pattern dominated by dispersion. In
this way, market areas have been established. When all other firm's producing
different products /services can also under price and sell their products in each of
their market areas, each market area becomes a region or a city, depending which one
has more population density. Each market area grows even more into a region or a
city when all other firms producing different products (substitutes and/or
complementary) , chooses to locate in each market area. This makes up the second
location pattern dominated by cohesion (agglomeration). From the viewpoint of the
location theory, a region has firms engaged in all kinds of relationships of economic
activities: vertical, horizontal, and complementary, and all kinds of linkages: forward
and backward. Based on this, a region develops. During its process of development, a
region may succeed or fail. When it fails, it can be corrected by both local and central
governments by adopting appropriate regional policies oriented first to the micro
foundation and then to the macro foundation of the development process of the
region.

Seperti dalam ekonomi makro, diakui pentingnya landasan mikro, sehingga
kebijakan makro dapat lebih tepat dan efektif (Branson, 1990). Demikian pula dalam
Ekonomi Regional dikenal dan diakui pentingnya landasan mikro (Hoover &
Giarratani,1984, Blair, 1991, O'SulIivan, 1996). Landasan mikro yang dimaksud
dalam Ekonomi Regional adalah teori lokasi. Oleh karena itu, mempelajari Ekonomi
Regional hendaknya didahului dulu dengan topik atau bab tentang lokasi suatu
aktivitas ekonomi (aspek mikro) di mana diuraikan bagaimana tumbuhnya suatu
daerah dimulai ketika suatu aktivitas ekonomi berupa aktivitas produksi atau aktivitas
manufaktur atau aktivitas jasa semula menetapkan lokasi optimalnya berdasarkan
orientasi transportasi, kemudian berubah lokasinya berdasarkan orientasi lain yang
lebih baik, dan seterusnya yang akhirnya berakibat dengan munculnya suatu wilayah
atau daerah.
Pentingnya landasan mikro adalah agar pengambil keputusan (pemerintah
pusat atau pemerintah daerah) jangan sampai mengambil kebijakan daerah yang salah
dan fatal dalam perencanaan daerah dan dalam penentuan wilayah-wilayah dalam
suatu negara yang lebih berorientasi pada faktor ekonomi dari-pada faktor non
ekonomi {nodal regions vs. homogeneous regions/administrative regions). Apalagi
negara kita sedang mengalami reformasi yang juga menuntut dihidupkannya otonomi
daerah sehingga pemerintah pusat harus akurat dan tepat dalam merumuskan
kebijakan daerah agar mendapat dukungan rakyat yang makin kritis dan yang sedang
membangun ekonominya sebagai ganti ekonomi konglomerat yang telah membawa
ekonomi Indonesia terpuruk dalam krisis ekonomi dan moneter. Dengan
memperhatikan landasan mikro, kebijakan daerah tidak lagi datang dari atas tanpa
memperhatikan perilaku pelaku-pelaku ekonomi individual (pembentukan daerah
adminitratif spt, propinsi, kabupaten, kecamatan), tetapi kebijakan daerah yang
berorientasi pada prinsip ekonomi, motif ekonomi dan aspirasi para pelaku ekonomi
individual.
Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk meminta perhatian kembali atau
memperjelas atau mengingatkan/menyadarkan kembali bagaimana suatu aktivitas
ekonomi (mikro) yang berprinsip ekonomi dalam rangka mencapai hasil optimalnya
(keuntungan maksimumnya) harus mengambil keputusan lokasi optimalnya dan bila
sekelompok aktivitas-aktivitas ekonomi itu berbuat hal yang sama (dispersion) dan secara bersama menempati lokasi yang sama (aglomerasi) dalam jangka panjang akan menimbulkan pertumbuhan suatu daerah umumnya dan kota khususnya.


Full Text:

PDF


References

Amos, Jr.? Orley M. 1987. "The Influence of Urban Areas On Regional Development." The Review of Regional Studies. Vol.17 No. 17. 37-46.

Anselin, L, S. Rey, & U. Deichmann. 1990. "The Implementation of Integrated Models in a Multi-Regional System" dalam buku suntingan L. Anselin & L. Madden (eds) New Directions in Regional Analysis: Intergrated and Multi-Regional Approaches. London: Belhaven, hal. 146-170

A.Madjid Ibrahim and H.B. Fisher. 1978. "Search for Strategy: Regional Development Studies and Planning in Indonesia". [Makalah yang disampaikan pada World Regional Development and Planning Conference University of Tsukuba, Japan, 21-23 August, 1978]

Berry, Brian J.L. 1967. Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Blair, John P. 1991. Urban and Regional Economics. Homewood, II.: Richard D. Invin, Inc.

Branson, William H. 1990. Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. New York: Harpers & Row Publishers.

Cameron, Gordon C. 1968. "Regional Economic Development: The Federal Role."Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 17. 1 (February, 1970), 19-38.

Christaller, Walter. 1933. Central Places in Southern Germany (terjemahan C.W. Baskin). Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966)

Hoover, Edgar M. & Frank Giarratani. 1984. An Introduction to Regional Economics. Third Edition. New York: Alfred A.Knopf.

Isard, Walter. 1956. Location and Space-Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

_____. 1975. Introduction to Regional Science. Englewood Cliffs:N.J.; Prentice-Hall.

Losch, August. 1940. The Economics of Location (terjemahan W.H. Woglom & W.F. Stopler). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954).

McGuire, M. and H. Garn. 1969. "The Integration of Equity and Efficiency Criteria in Public Project Evaluation," Economic Journal.

Moses, Leon. 1958. "Location and The Theory Of Production" . The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 72. Hal. 259-72.

O'Sullivan, Arthur. 1996. Urban Economics. Third edition. Chicago: Irwin. Inc.

Prasetyo Soepono. 1998. "Peranan Daerah Perkotaan Bagi Pembangunan Regional: Penerapan Model Thunen yang Dimodi-fikasikan di Indonesia". Jurnal ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia. Vol. 13 No. 2. 42-60

_____ . 1990 Pengantar Ekonomi Regional: Teori dan Pembangunan Regional. Yogyakarta: PAU-Studi Ekonomi, UGM.

Rey, Sergio J. 1999. Intergrated Regional Economic and Input-Output Modeling. Working Paper Series. Department of Geography. San Diego State University.

Richardson, H.W. 1972. Input-Output and Regional Economics. Great Britain: Redwood Press Limited, Trowbridge, Wiltshire.

Smith, David M. 1981. Industrial Location: An Economic Geographical Analysis. Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Suroso Imam Zadjuli. 1987. "Permasalahan Pembangunan Daerah di Indonesia". Makalah yang Disampaikan Pada Kongres ISEI ke 10, Den Pasar, Bali, 7-9 September, 1987.




Article Metrics

Abstract views : 7492 | views : 49235

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business

Journal

Editorial Team
Focus and Scope
Peer Review Process
Publication Ethics
Screening for Plagiarism

Authors

Author Guidelines
Submission Guidelines
Online Submissions
Copyright Notice
Privacy Statement
Author Fees

Download

Author Pack
Submission Form & Manuscript Template

 

Reviewer

Reviewer Guidelines
Reviewer Acknowledgement

 

Reader

General Search
Achieves
Author index
Title index

 

 

The Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business (print ISSN 2085-8272; online ISSN 2338-5847) is published by the Faculty of Economics and Business Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

© 2019 Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 
 Visitor Statistics