* Corresponding Author
The Fermented Cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) Flour and Bioimun as Additional Feed for the Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to Improve Growth, Immunity, and Survival
https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.91538 Supadmi Asih(1), Esti Handayani Hardi(2*), Fitriyana Fitriyana(3)
(1) Master's Student Program in Fishery Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan
(2) Laboratory of Microbiology and Aquaculture Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan
(3) Master's Program in Fishery Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The availability of fish feed has remained an obstacle in the fish cultivation until now. The dependence on fish flour, soy flour, the imported cornstarch has not been solved, though the natural resource in Indonesia supports the dependence of this raw material availability. This research was conducted by testing the use of the fermented cassava flour to substitute cornstarch as the catfish feed, by adding natural drug product, BIOIMUNÒ, which positively affected growth, immunity, and production. Research methodology used was the Completely Randomized Design with six treatments and three repetitions. Fishes with average weight of 10 g and length of 10 cm were raised in the aquarium with dimension of 60x40x40 cm, with the density of 10 fishes per aquarium. The research was conducted for 60 days with observation every 14 days. Compositions of cornstarch and cassava flour were P1 (0/200), P2 (100/100), P3 (75/125), P4 (50/150), P5 (25/175), and P6 (commercial feed), added with BIOIMUNÒ at 20 ml/kg from the extracts of Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet. Feed was given three times at a percentage of 5%. This research showed the result that the best growth was in treatment (P3), with 75 g of cornstarch and 125 g of cassava flour (75/125). The highest absolute weight gain was in P3 at 132.67 ± 8.33 g. The immunity system testing was in accordance with the result of phytochemical test of positive alkaloid, negative flavonoid, and negative steroid. Survival Rate (SR) based on the variance analysis (ANOVA) had an insignificant effect (P>0.05) 93.00-100.00%. P3 feed conversion rate was 5.35±0.23. Hematocrit level and total erythrocyte with a decent score and total leukocyte increased from P6. Feed proximate test was in accordance with the standard. Total bacteria were in the normal range, the contamination test on heavy metal proved no harm against the catfishes, and the water quality was normal. In terms of economic analysis, P1-P5 were more affordable than (P6), so that it can be concluded that the fermented cassava flour can be used as a replacement of corn by adding BIOIMUNÒ as the catfish feed.
Keywords
References
Abu, O.M.G., T. Lazarus, O. Onisowurun & C.S. Obiyom. 2021. Effect of graded level of whole cassava root meal as a replacement for maize on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS). 14 (2): 9-13.
Abu, O.M.G., U.U. Gabrieland, & O.A. Akinrotimi. 2010. Performance and survival of hybrid catfish (hetero X clarias) fed with whole cassava root meal as a replacement for maize. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension. 9 (3): 176-183.
Akers, R.M., & D.M. Denbow. 2013. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (Second edition). Wiley Blackwell.
Andriyan, M.F., S. Rahmaningsih & U. Firmani. 2018. The effect of salinity on survival rate and blood profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) given with feed and cheese fruit (Morinda citriffolia L.). Journal of Pantura Fishery. 1 (1): 1.
Augusta, T.S. 2016. Dynamic of the water quality change on the growth of dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus) raised in ground pool. Journal of Tropica Animal Science. 5 (1): 41-44.
Bamidele, N.A., S.O. Obasa, I.O. Taiwo, I. Abdulraheem, O.S. Oladoyin & I.J. Ovie. 2018. Utilization of enzyme supplemented fermented cassava root tuber flour based diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 6 (2): 117-122.
Cao, G., E. Sofic & R.L. Prior. 1997. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure–activity relationships. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 22 (5): 749-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00351-6
Chakraborty, S.B & C. Hancz. 2011. Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, anti-pathogenic and anti-stress agents in finfish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture. 3 (3): 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2011.01048.x
Chakraborty, S.B., P. Horn & C. Hancz. 2013. Application of phytochemicals as growth-promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture. 6 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12021
Citarasu, T. 2010. Herbal Biomedicines: A new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International. 18: 403-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7
Craig, S. 2017. Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds, and Feeding. Communications and Marketing, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Virginia Tech. 420-256.
Fadillah, A., A.T. Hanuranto & N. Bogi. 2019. Implementation of the monitoring system on water quality of catfish pool based on the wireless sensor network. E Proceeding of Engineering. 6 (2).
Fardiaz, S. 1995. Water and Air Pollution. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Government Regulation. 2021. Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 concerning Water Quality Management and Water Contamination Control. Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Halver, J.E. 1972. London, NewYork: Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, 713.
Hammado, N & I. Illing. 2013. Identification of the alkaloid active compound in lahuna (Eupatorium odouratum). Dinamika Journal. 4 (2): 1-18.
Hardi, E.H, R.A. Nugroho, R. Rostika, C.M. Mardliyaha, K. Sukarti, W. Rahayu, A. Supriansyah & G. Saptiani. 2022. Synbiotic application for improving growth, body endurance, and disease resistance on the bacterial infection in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture. 549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737794
Hardi, E.H., G. Saptiani, I.W. Kusuma, R.A. Nugroho, W. Suwinarti, R. Anjani & A. Aziza. 2020. Prevention methods against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in Tilapia. BIOTROPIA. 27 (3): 209 – 221.
Hardi, E.H., G. Saptiani, N. Nurkadina, I. W. Kusuma & W. Suwinarti. 2018b. In vitro test of concoction plant extracts of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum Ferox, Zingimber zerumbet. Veteriner Journal. 19 (1): 35.
Hardi, E.H., G. Saptiani, Nurkadina, I.W. Kusuma & W. Suwinarti. 2018a. In vitro test on the concoction of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox, Zingimber zerumbet Extracts on the pathogenic bacteria in tilapia fish. Veteriner Journal. 19 (1): 35. https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.1.35
Hermansyah, E., D. Derdian & W.F.T. Pontia. 2017. Water pH controlling design for catfish cultivation based on atmega16 micro-controller. Journal of Electrical Engineering, Tanjungpura University. 2 (1).
Hesse, M. 2002. Alkaloids: Nature’s Curse or Blessing? Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, Switzerland €. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany.
Indonesian National Standard. 2006. Fish Feed. Indonesian National Standard 01-4087-2006. Jakarta: National Standardization Agency of Indonesia.
Indonesian National Standard. 2014. Indonesian National Standard. Dumbo Catfish (Clarias sp.). National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. Jakarta. Indonesian National Standard 6484.3.
Ingerslev, H.C., M.L. Strube, L. Jørgensen, G. Von, I. Dalsgaard, M. Boye & L. Madsen. 2014. Diet type dictates the gut microbiota and the immune response against Yersinia Ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 40 (2): 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.021
Irfak, K. 2013. Optimal Design in the Processing of Biogas Solid Sludge as a Raw Material for Catfish Feed. in Magetan, East Java. Undergraduate Thesis. Malang: Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University.
Jusuf, D.D., O.R. Pinonton & R.H. Akili. 2021. Analysis of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) content in water and fish. in the Fish Pond of Remboken District, Minahasa Regency in 2021. KESMAS Journal. 10 (6): 82-92.
Lakollo, E & M.N. Mailoa. 2020. Management technique and microbe contamination in the fresh flying fishes in traditional market of Ambon City. Journal of Indonesian Fishery Product Processing. 23 (1): 103-111.
Levit, S.M. 2010. A Literature Review of Effects of Ammonia on Fish. The Nature Conservancy, Centre for Science in Public Participation, Bozeman, Montana.
Lin, Y.H & S.Y. Shiau. 2003. Dietary lipid requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, and effects on immune responses. Aquaculture. 225 (1-4): 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00293-X
Lusiastuti, A.M., T. Sumiati & W. Hadie. 2013. Bacillus firmus probiotics for controlling Aeromonas hydrophilla disease in the cultivation of dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Aquaculture Research. 8 (2).
Mahyuddin, K. 2011. A Complete Guide on the Catfish Agribusiness. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya, 170.
Mardhiana, A., I.D. Buwono, Y. Andriani & I. Iskandar. 2017. Supplementation of the commercial probiotics in artificial feed for induction of sangkuriang catfish growth (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Fishery and Marine Sciences. 8 (2): 133-139.
Martin M.L, D.T. Namura, D.M. Miyazaki, F. Pilarsky, K. Ribero, M.P. De Castro & C.M.D. Campos. 2004. Physiological and hematological response of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to single and consecutive stress of capture. Animal Science. 26: 449-456.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery. 2022. Steps of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Improving the Use of Independent Feed for the Fish Cultivator. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/artikel/25172
Mokoginta, N.P. A.D. Utomo, A. Akbar & M. Setiawati. 2003. The use of cassava flour as substitution of wheat flour in the feed of goldfish, Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Indonesian Aquaculture. 2 (2): 79-83.
Mujiman, A. 1984. Fish Feed. Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya.
National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2006. Fresh Fish - Part 1. Indonesian National Standard 01- 2729-1- 2006. Jakarta (ID): National Standardization Agency of Indonesia.
Nazriati, E., S. Wahyuni, H. Herisiswanto & R. Rofika. 2021. The Making of mocaf flour as an effort of optimization in the use of cassava in the farmer group in Pekanbaru. COMSEP- Journal of Social Service. 2 (3): 305-310.
NRC. 1993. Nutrient Requirement of Fish. USA: National Academy of Science. National Press, 39-53.
Nurmila, N., H. Sinay & T. Watuguly. 2019. Identification and analysis of flavonoid level in angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) extract in Wanath Village, Leihitu Regency, Central Maluku Regency. Biopendix. 5 (2): 65-71. https://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol5issue2page65-71
Olurin, K.B., E.A.A Olojo & O. Olukoya. 2006. Growth of african catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, fed different levels of cassava. International Digital Organization for Scientific Information. 1 (1): 54-56.
Palar, H. 2004. Contamination and Toxicology of Heavy Metal. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.
Parakkasi A. 1990. Nutritional Science and Monogastric Livestock Feed. Jakarta. UI-Press, 230.
Pasca, B.D., J. Muhandri, D. Hunaefi & B. Nurtama. 2021. Food Science Study Prog, Postgraduate School, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology.
Pilay, T.V.R. 2004. Aquaculture & The Environmental, second Edition. Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.
Regulation of the Minister of Environment. 2004. No. 51 Year 2004 concerning the Policy and Institution of Environment, Seawater Quality for Sea Biota.
Ruyter, B., C. Røsjø, O. Einen & M.S. Thomassen. 2000. Essential fatty acids in atlantic salmon: Effects of increasing dietary doses of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of liver, blood and carcass. Aquaculture Nutrition. 6: 119–127.
Sahwan, M.F. 2003. Fish and Shrimp Feed. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Sari, L.A. 2021. Effect of the Use of Feed Management Technology in Breeding Pearl Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Unair News. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/718/1/012030.
Steffens, W. 1989. Principle of Fish Nutrition. England. Ellis Horwood Limited.
Stickney, R.R. 2005. Aquaculture: An Introductory Text. Oxford: CABI Publishing. 265.
Subandiyono, S., A.S. Airmawati & P. Pinondoyo. 2014. The effect of vitamin C in artificial feed on the feed consumption level and the growth of red tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology. 3 (4): 191-198.
Supriatno, S & L. Lelifajri. 2009. An analysis of heavy metal, Pb and Cd, in fish and shellfish samples in spectrophotometry of atom absorption. Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 7 (1): 5-8.
Susanto, J.P & N. Sopiah. 2003. The Effect of metal and substrate concentration on growth and activity of proteolytic bacteria in the deproteination of crab shell. Journal of Environmental Technology. 4 (1): 40-45.
Sutikno, E. 2017. Instruction for Technique in Making Affordable Feed with Simple Technology. Jepara, Central Java. Main Station for Brackish Water Aquaculture.
Suwarto, E., K. Utomo, P. Paryono & A. Suwondo. 2018. Catfish farming as a business for improving economy and independence of Takmir in Diponegoro Mosque II of Tembalang, Semarang. National Seminar on Research Result and Community Service. 1: 433-445.
Tacon, A.E.J. 1987. The Nutrition and Feeding Formed Fish and Shrimp. A Training Manual Food and Agriculture of United Nation Brazilling, Brazil.
Talpur, A.D & M. Ikhwanuddin. 2013. Azadirachta indica (neem) Leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of asian seabass, Lates Calcarifer challenged with Vibrio Harveyi. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 34 (1): 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003
Umar, M.T., S. Suwarni, R. Salam & S.B.A. Omar. 2007. A study on the growth of bonti-bonti fish (Paratherina striata Aurich, 1935) in Towuti Lake, South Sulawesi. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Hasanuddin University. National Seminar on Fishery. 3(2): 1-9.
Wedemeyer, G.A & W.T. Yatsuke. 1977. Clinical Methods for the Assessment of the Effects of Environmental Stress or Fish Health. Technical Paper of the US. Fish and Wildlife Service: 11-18.
Wirabakti, C.M. 2006. Growth Rate of Red Tilapia Fish Raised in Calm Water in Fish Cage and Pool. http://google.com./jurnal.upr.ac.id.
Wulansari, W. 2009. The Effect of Water and Ethanol Alpinia spp Extracts on the Phagocytosis Activities and Capacity of Macrophage Cell Induced from the Epidermal Stapilococcus Bacteria In Vitro. Bogor: Biological Research Centre of National Institute of Science.
Yao, L.H., Y.M. Jiang, J. Shi, T.F.A. barberan, n. datta & r. singanusong. 2004. Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 59: 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7
Zaenuri, R., B. Suharto & A.T.S. Haji. 2014. Quality of the fish feed in form of pellet made of the agricultural waste. Journal of Natural Resource and Environment. 1 (1): 31-36.
Zonneveld, N., E.A., Huisman & J.H. Boon. 1991. Principles of Fish Cultivation. Gedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
How to Cite this Article:
Asih, S., E.H. Hardi& F.Fitriyana. 2024. The fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) flour and bioimunÒ as additional feed for the juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to improve growth, immunity, and survival. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. 26 (1): xx-xx. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.91538
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.91538
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 21
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada (print ISSN 0853-6384; online ISSN 2502-5066) is published by Department of Fisheries, Universitas Gadjah Mada in collaboration with Semnaskan UGM (Seminar Nasional Tahunan Hasil Perikanan dan Kelautan) and ISMFR (International Symposium on Marine and Fisheries Research).
View My Stats