Utilization of Water-Soluble Chitosan as Antiseptic Hand Sanitizer

https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.38750

Anies Chamidah(1*), Christina Nur Widiyanti(2), Nahda Nur Fabiyani(3)

(1) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang
(2) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang
(3) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Shrimp wastes produced by manufacturers are mostly limited to be utilized by small industries. They only can turn the waste into chips and shrimp pastes even though it can be used as chitosan. The scarcity of shrimp waste utilized as chitosan is often constrained due to the lack of chitosan dissolve in water caused by the length of the molecular chain. In order to optimize the chitosan utilization, depolymerization is used; such as using H2O2. Chitosan depolymerization enables chitosan to be water soluble and has a high antibacterial ability, which can be applied as an antiseptic of hand sanitizer which has been derived from synthetic materials. The used method is an experimental method which includes the processing of making water-soluble chitosan with test parameters of deacetylation, solubility, moisture content, and yield. Furthermore, the manufacture of hand sanitizers is carried out in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that water-soluble chitosan can be made at 13% H2O2 concentration at 40°C with deacetylation degree 94.21%, 90% solubility, 10.60% moisture content and 3.5% yield. Moreover, after becoming a hand sanitizer, it was able to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at concentrations of 120 mg/ml, respectively 19.53 mm and 21.12 mm, which were relatively strong. Resulted in MIC values 0.28% and 0.27%, and MBC values 1.12% and 1.08%, and also without causing irritation or edema on mouse skin.

Keywords


Hand sanitizer; water-soluble chitosan; in vitro; in vivo

Full Text:

PDF


References

Adrianna, M., S. Elvira & V. Setijawati. 2001. Adsorpsi Cr(VI) dengan adsorben kitosan. Jurnal Kimia Lingkungan. 3 (1): 107-117

Apriani, L., G.M. Iskandar & M. Said. 2012. Pengaruh variasi konsentrasi NaOH terhadap nilai derajat deasetilasi pada pembuatan kitosan dari cangkang kulit kepiting. Jurnal Teknik Kimia. 1 (18): 35-40

Azwar & Agoes. 2010. Tanaman Obat Indonesia. Salemba Medik. Jakarta

Bahri, S., E.A. Rahim & S. Syarifuddin. Derajat deasetilaso kitosan dari cangkang kerang darah dengan penambahan NaOH secara bertahap. Jurnal Riset Kimia. 1 (1): 34-39

Basmal, J., A. Prasetyo., & Y.N. Fawzya. 2007. Pengaruh konsentrasi asam monokloroasetat dalam proses karboksimetilasi kitosan terhadap karboksimetil kitosan yang dihasilkan. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 11 (8): 47-56

Bloomfield, S.F. 1991. Methods for Assessing Antimicrobial Activity. In: Denyer, S. P., Hugo, W. B. (ed). Mechanism of Action of Chemical Biocides Their Study and Xxploitation. Blackwell Scientific Publication. London. 4 (2): 102-106

Chamsai, P., G. Tapnarong., D. Junlapak & N. Matan. 2009. Development of hand sanitasing spray using peppernint oil. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry. 3 (1): 178-183

Chotiah, S. Potensi bakteriosin untuk kesehatan hewan dan keamanan bahan pangan. Wartazoa. 23 (2): 94- 101

Dompeipen, E.J., K. Marni & P.D. Riardi. 2016. Isolasi kitin dan kitosan limbah kulit udang. Jurnal Kementerian Perindustrian. 12 (01): 32-38

Du, Y., Z. Yuqiao., D. Shuchao & Y. Bao. 2002. Preparation of water soluble chitosan from shrimp shell and its antibacterial activity. Innovative Food and Emerging Technologies. 10 (1): 103-107

Fatisa, Y. 2013. Daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit dan biji buah pulasan (Nephelium mutabile) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Peternakan. 10 (1): 44-50

Helander, I., L. Nurmiaho., R. Ahvenainen., J. Rhoades & S. Roller. 2001. Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of gramnegative bacteria. International Journal Food Microbiol. 71 (22): 235- 244

Islam, M., S. Masum., K.R. Mahbud & Z. Haque. 2011. Antibacterial activity of crab - chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus and Echerichia coli. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2 (4): 53-66

Jawetz, E., J.L. Melnick & E.A. Adelberg. 2001. Mikrobiologi Untuk Profesi Kesehatan. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran. Jakarta. 21-88

Jones, P. 2002. Alcohol Addiction: A Psychobiological Approach, Psychiatry, and Wellness Behavioral Medicine Accociate. New York Press. 135pp

Knorr, D. 1982. Functional properties chitin and chitosan. Journal of Food Science.6 (47): 593-595

Kuncari, E.S., Iskandarsyah & Praptiwi. 2015. Uji iritasi dan aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut tikus putih: Efek sediaan gel apigenin dan perasan herba seledri (Apirum graveolens L.). Media Letbankes. 25 (1): 15-22

Kurniasih, M., K. Dwi & Riyanti. Optimasi kondisi adsorpsi kolestrol menggunakan karboksimetil kitosan. Molekul. 11 (1): 112-124

Kusumawati, N. 2000. Peranan bakteri asam laktat. Jurnal Teknologi Pangan dan Gizi. 1 (1): 15-22

Li, Y., X.G. Chen., N. Liu., C.S. Liu., C.G. Liu & X.H. Meng. 2007. Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial property of chitosan acetates. Carbohydrate Polymers. 67: 227-232

Liu, X.F., L.G. Yun., Z.Y. Dong & D.Y. Kang. 2001. Antibacterial action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan. Journl of Applied Polymer Science. 79 (23): 1324-1335

Liu, Y., K. Hu & B. Zhao. 2004. Study of depolymerization behavoir of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide. Carbohydrate Polymers. 5 (7): 31-37

Makuuchi, K. 2008. Comparative Analysis of Hydrogel and Oligo-Chitosan. EB System Comporation. Japan. 1-6pp

Marganov. 2003. Potensi Limbah Udang Sebagai Penyerap Logam Berat (Timbal, Kadmium, Tembaga) di Perairan. IPB Press. Bogor.

Nadarajah, K. 2005. Development and characterization of antimicrobial edible film from crawfish chitosan. Dessertation in Department of Food Science. University of Paradeniya. Paradeniya. 15 (2): 22-26

Nandes, M. 2011. Kemampuan kitosan limbah cangkang udang sebagai resin pengikat logam tembaga (Cu). SKRIPSI. Jurusan Teknik Lingkuangan. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas. Padang. 1-99

Oh, H., Y. Kim Y., E. Chang E & J. Kim. 2001. Antimicrobial characteristics of chitosans against food spoilage microorganisms in liquid media and mayonnaise. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 65 (11): 2378-2383

Park, P.J., J.Y. Je., H.G. Byun., S.H. Moon & S.K. Kim. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of hetero-chitosans and their oligosaccharides with different molecular weights. Journal Microbiol Biotechnol. 14 (2): 317-323

Pelczar, M.J. & E.C.S. Chan. 1986. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi 1. Terjemahan. Universitas Indonesia Press. Jakarta.

Pelczar, M.J. & E.C.S. Chan. 2010. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi. Hadioetomo RS, Imas T, Tjitrosomo SS, Angka SL, Penerjemah; Jakarta: UI Pr. Terjemahan dari: Elements Of Microbiology

Purbowati, P. 2016. Upaya Peningkatan Derajat Deasetilasi pada Kitosa Cangkang Kerang Kampak (Atrina pectinata) melalui Proses Deasetilasi Kitin secara Bertahap. SKRIPSI. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Unversitas Airlangga. Surabaya : 1-49

Purwantoro, R.S., N.S. Hartutiningsih., Sudarmono & Praptiwi. 2010. Uji antibakteri lasianthus (rubiaceae) sebagai tumbuhan berkhasiat obat dan upaya perbanyakannya. Buletin Kebun Raya. 13 (2): 123-12

Rochima, E. 2007. Karakteristik kitin dan kitosan asal limbah rajungan Cirebon, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 10 (1): 23-28

Safitri, A, S. 2016. Aktivitas antibakteri kitosan berbasis cangkang lobster terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. SKRIPSI. Departemen Teknologi Hasil Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. 1-4

Saleh, M.R., Abdillah., E. Suerman., J. Basmal & N. Indriati. 1994. Pengaruh suhu, waktu dan konsentrasi pelarut pada ekstraksi kitosan dari limbah pengolahan udang beku terhadap beberapa parameter mutu kitosan. Jurnal Pasca Panen Perikanan. 81 (15): 30-43

Savant., D. Vivek & J.A, Torres. 2000. Chitosan based coagulating agents for treatment of cheddar chees whey. Biotechnology Progress. 16 (1): 24-28

Setiawan, D. 2006. Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, jilid 4. Puspa swara. Jakarta. 1-79

Sugita. 2009. Kitosan : Sumber Biomaterial Masa Depan. IPB Press. Bogor. 15-21

Tanasale, M., I. Telussa., S.J. Sakewael & L. Kakerissa. 2016. Extraction and characterizaion of chitosan from windu shrimp shell (Panaeus monodon) and
depolymerization chitosan process with hydrogen peroxide based on heating temperature variations. Indonesian Journal Chemistry. 3 (2): 306-318.

Tiyaboonchai, R. 2003. Chitosan nanoparticles: A promising system for drug delivery. Naresuan University Journal. 3 (11): 51-66

Tsai, G.J., Z.Y. Wu & W.H. Su. 2000. Antibacterial activity of chitoolligosaccharide mixture prepered by colluse digestion of shrimp chitosan and its application to milk preservation. Journal Food Protection. 13 (63): 747-752

Wei, C.C., S.L. Hii & C.L. W. 2011. Antibacterial activity of Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh and Padina australis Hauck (Phaeophyceae). African Journal of Biotechnology. 10 (64): 101-110

Yudihapsari, E. 2009. Kajian kadar protein, pH, viskositas dan rendemen kecap dari berbagai tingkat penggunaan tepung kedelai. SKRIPSI. Program Studi Teknologi Hasil Ternak. Fakultas peternakan. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. 1-95

Zahiruddin, W., A. Ariesta & E. Salamah. 2008. Karakterisasi mutu dan kelarutan kitosan dari ampas silase kepala udang windu (Penaeus monodon). Jurnal Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan. 11 (2): 56-59



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.38750

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 5825 | views : 5449

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2019 Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada (print ISSN 0853-6384; online ISSN 2502-5066) is published by Department of Fisheries, Universitas Gadjah Mada in collaboration with Semnaskan UGM (Seminar Nasional Tahunan Hasil Perikanan dan Kelautan) and ISMFR (International Symposium on Marine and Fisheries Research).

 

View My Stats