Does the COVID-19 Outbreak Constitute a Force Majeure Event? A Pandemic Impact on Construction Contracts
Seng Hansen(1*)
(1) Universitas Agung Podomoro & RMIT University
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Akbiyikli, R., Dikmen, S. U., and Eaton, D., 2011. Insurance Issues and Design and Build Construction Contracts. Proceeding of 6. İnşaat Yönetimi Kongresi, 25-26-27 Kasım 2011, Bursa (6. Construction Management Congress, 25-27 November 2011, Bursa, Turkey), 96-113.
Amkhan, A., 1991. Force majeure and impossibility of performance in Arab contract law. Arab Law Quarterly, 6(3), 297-308.
Augenblick, M., and Rousseau, A. B., 2012. Force majeure in tumultuous times: Impracticability as the new impossibility. The Journal of World Investment & Trade, 13(1), 59-75.
Azfar, F., 2012. The Force Majeure “Excuse”. Arab Law Quarterly, 26(2), 249-253. Baker McKenzie., 2020. Coronavirus Outbreak: Global Guide to Force Majeure and International
Commercial Contracts. [Online] Available at: https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publ ications/2020/03/ coronavirus-outbreak-globalguide [Accessed on 4 March 2020].
Bleby, M., 2020. Construction feels COVID-19 delays in supply chain. [Online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/ property/commercial/construction-feels-covid19-delays-in-supply-chain-20200304-p546pv [Accessed on 4 March 2020].
Chang, L., Yan, Y., and Wang, L., 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfusion Medicine Reviews (preproof). Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China 1999.
Corrada, S. M. G., 2007. The best laid plans: Force majeure clauses in travel and event contracts. Nova Law Review, 31(3), pp. 409-421.
Duggan, J., 2020. Coronavirus outbreak declared a global public health emergency ‘on an unprecedented scale’ by World Health Organisation. [Online] Available at: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10858409/coron avirus-outbreak-world-health-organisation/ [Accessed on 20 March 2020].
El Zowalaty, M. E., and Järhult, J. D., 2020. From SARS to COVID-19: A previously unknown SARSCoV-2 virus of pandemic potential infecting humans – Call for a One Health approach. One Health (pre-proof). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100124
Ezeldin, A. S., and Helw, A. A., 2018. Proposed Force Majeure Clause for Construction Contracts under Civil and Common Laws. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 10(3), 04518005.
Fawzy, S. A., and El-Adaway, I. H., 2012. Contract Administration Guidelines for Managing Conflicts, Claims, and Disputes under World Bank-Funded Projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 4(4), pp. 101-110.
Fenwick Elliot LLP., 2014. Ebola & Isis: force majeure under the standard forms. Insight Issue 41, November 2014.
FIDIC, 1999. Conditions of Contract for Construction. Geneva: FIDIC.
FIDIC, 2017. Conditions of Contract for Construction 2nd edition. Geneva: FIDIC.
French Civil Code 2016. The Law of Contract, the General Regime of Obligations, and Proof of Obligations. The new provisions of the Code Civil created by Ordonnance no. 2016-131 of 10 February 2016.
General Rules of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China 2017.
Gupta, U., 2020. Solar projects reprieved as Indian government declares coronavirus a force majeure. PV Magazine. [Online] Available at: https://www.pvmagazine.com/2020/02/24/solar-projectsreprieved-as-indian-government-declarescoronavirus-a-force-majeure/ [Accessed on 14 March 2020].
Hagedoorn, J., and Hesen, G., 2007. Contract law and the governance of inter-firm technology partnerships: An analysis of different modes of partnering and their contractual implications. Journal of Management Studies, 44(3), 342-366.
Hansen, S., Too, E., and Le, T., 2018. Retrospective look on front-end planning in the construction industry: A literature review of 30 years of research. International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management, 8(1), 1942.
Holcim Singapore Pte. Ltd v Precise Development Pte Ltd [2011] SGCA 1.
Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPer).
Indonesian Law No. 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management.
Instruction of Ministry of Public Works and Housing No. 02/IN/M/2020 concerning Protocol
for Preventing the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Construction Services.
Jaegar, A., and Hök, G., 2010. FIDIC – A guide for practitioners. Discharge, frustration and force majeure. Berlin: Springer.
JCT, 2016. Standard Building Contract with Quantities 2016 (SBC/Q 2016). London: Thomson Reuters, Sweet & Maxwell.
Johnson, N., Moore, R., and Mitha, Y., 2020. Is COVID-19 likely to be a valid basis for avoiding contractual obligations? [Online] Available at: https://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/latestthinking/is-covid-19-likely-to-be-a-valid-basisfor-avoiding-contractual-obligations [Accessed on 14 March 2020].
Kabiling, G., 2020. Duterte declares state of calamity over PH for next 6 months amid rise in COVID-19 cases. [Online] Available at: https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/17/dutertedeclares-state-of-calamity-over-ph-for-next-6months-amid-rise-in-covid-19-cases/ [Accessed on 20 March 2020].
Lai, C. C., Shih, T. P., Ko, W. C., Tang, H. J., and Hsueh, P. R., 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.10592 4
Li Ching Wing v Xuan Yu Xiong [2004] 1 HKLRD 754.
Li, J., and Zou, P., 2012. Risk identification and assessment in PPP infrastructure projects using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and life-cycle methodology. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 8(1), pp. 34-48.
LKPP (Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah), 2020. Pelaksanaan Kontrk Paengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah Terkait COVID-19. [Online pdf] Available at: https://www.covid19.go.id/download/pelaksanaan-kontrak-pengadaan-barang-jasa-pemerintahterkait-covid-19/ [Accessed on 12 April 2020].
Ministry of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/239/2020 concerning Determination of Large-Scale Social Restrictions in Jakarta Province in Acceleration Handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Ministry of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/248/2020 concerning Determination of Large-Scale Social Restrictions in the Bogor Regency, Bogor City, Depok City, Bekasi Regency, and Bekasi City, West Java Province in Acceleration Handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
NEC, 2017. NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract 4th edition. London: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Purnamasari, D. M., 2020. BNPB: Wabah COVID19 di Indonesia Bencana Skala Nasional. [Online] Available at: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/17/1 7455041/bnpb-wabah-covid-19-di-indonesiabencana-skala-nasional [Accessed on 20 March 2020].
Rothan, H. A., and Byrareddy, S. N., 2020. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Ryan, J. M., 2011. Understanding force majeure clauses. [Online] Available at: https://www.venable.com/understanding-forcemajeure-clauses-2-25-2011/ [Accessed 5 March 2020].
Seadrill Ghana Operations Ltd v Tullow Ghana Ltd [2018] EWHC 1640.
Thames Valley Power Ltd v Total Gas & Power Ltd [2006] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 441.
Thomas, L., and Kar-Gupta, S., 2020. France: “force majeure” can be declared over coronavirus in contracts with smaller firms. [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chinahealth-france-economy/france-force-majeurecan-be-declared-over-coronavirus-in-contractswith-smaller-firms-idUSKCN20M1R8 [Accessed on 4 March 2020].
Torraco, R. J., 2005. Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356-367.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2020. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-opening-remarks-at-themedia-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 [Accessed on 17 March 2020].
Worldometer, 2020. COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak Update. [Online] Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ [Accessed on 12 April 2020].
Xinhua, 2020. Zimbabwe’s President declares COVID-19 a national disaster. [Online] Available at: https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/zimbabwespresident-declares-covid-19-a-nationaldisaster-45134184 [Accessed on 20 March 2020].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.54997
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 20512 | views : 17599Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s)
The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ISSN 5249-5925 (online) | ISSN 2581-1037 (print)
Jl. Grafika No.2 Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta 55281
Email : jcef.ft@ugm.ac.id
JCEF Stats