Is University Students’ Value Orientation  toward Integrity Behind Their Decision to Cheat or Not Cheat in Exams?

Anggara Wisesa; Dematria Pringgabayu; Adita Pritasari; Nurfaisa Hidayanti; Dany Muhammad Athory Ramdlany

doi:10.22146/gamaijb.25755

Is University Students’ Value Orientation toward Integrity Behind Their Decision to Cheat or Not Cheat in Exams?

Anggara Wisesa, Dematria Pringgabayu, Adita Pritasari, Nurfaisa Hidayanti, Dany Muhammad Athory Ramdlany

(Submitted 7 June 2017)

(Published 22 April 2019)

Abstract

Organizational values characterize every activity, including the behavior of the members of an organization, and their decision-making. However, there are moments in which the members of the organization violate the values, even though they know they should not. It also happens to university students. This fact brings us to reflect on how the values are interpreted in value orientation. By employing the phenomenological method using Kohlberg’s constructivist theory of moral development stages, this study explored the value orientation towards integrity in business school students’ decisions to cheat or not. The result indicates that even for students who face the same decision to cheat or not, their decision is affected by how they understand the value of integrity, which depends on their value orientation and their cognitive moral development. Most respondents had a mindset of egoistic value orientation, which is more concerned with the benefits and payback when making a decision. Most cases happened without there being a prior decision to cheat; the decision is made at the time of the exam by considering the emerging internal or external situational factors.

Keywords

integrity, organizational value, organizational behavior, value orientation, academic infringement

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/gamaijb.25755

References

Arbuthnot, J. B., and D. Faust. 1980. Teaching Moral Reasoning: Theory and Practice. New York: Harper and Row.
Arthaud-Day, M. L., J. C. Rode, and W. H. Turnley. 2012. Direct and contextual effects of individual values on organizational citizenship behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (4): 792-807.
Aust, P. J. 2004. Communicated values as indicators of organizational identity: A method for organizational assessment and its application in a case study. Communication Studies 55 (4): 515-534.
Bansal, P. 2003. From issues to actions: The importance of individual concerns and organizational values in responding to natural environmental issues. Organization Science 14 (5): 510–527.
Bardi, A., and S. H. Schwartz. 2003. Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (10): 1207-1220.
Berry, C. M., P. R. Sackett, and S. Wiemann. 2007. A review of recent developments in integrity test research. Personnel Psychology 60 (2): 271-301.
Calhoun, C. 1995. Standing for something. The Journal of Philosophy 92 (5): 235-260.
Cox, D., M. La Caze, and M. Levine. 2003. Integrity and the Fragile Self. London: Ashgate.
Creswell, J. W. 2006. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Diskienë, D., and Goðtautas, V. 2010. Relationship between individual and organizational values and employees’ job satisfaction. Current Issues of Business and Law 5 (2): 295-319.
Dömeová, L., and A. Jindrová. 2013. Unethical behavior of the students of the Czech University of Life Sciences. International Education Studies 6 (11): 77-85.
Dyl¹g, A., M. Jaworek, W. Karwowski, M. Ko¿usznik, and T. Marek. 2013. Discrepancy between individual and organizational values: Occupational burnout and work engagement among white-collar workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 43 (3): 225-231.
Festinger, L. 1962. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Frankfurt, H. 1987. Identification and Wholeheartedness - Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gorenak, M., and S. Košir. 2012. The importance of organizational values for organization. Proceeding of Management, Knowledge, and Learning International Conference 2012: 563-569.
Isakov, M., and A. Tripathy. 2017. Behavioral correlates of cheating: Environmental specificity and reward expectation. PLoS ONE 12 (10): e0186054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186054
James, P. S. 2014. Aligning and propagating organizational values. Procedia Economics and Finance 11: 95–109.
Janiæijeviæ, N. 2013. The mutual impact of organizational culture and structure. Economic Annals LVIII (198): 35-60.
Kohlberg, L. 1981. The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
Kohlberg, L. 1986. The just community approach to corrections. Journal of Correctional Education 37: 57-58.
Kolthoff, E., M. Macaulay, and F. Anechiarico. 2013. Introduction: Integrity systems for safeguarding ethics and integrity of governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences79 (4): 593-596.
Korsgaard, C. M. 2009. Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lawson, R. 2004. Is classroom cheating related to business students’ propensity to cheat in the ‘real world’? Journal of Business Ethics, 49 (2): 189-199.
Ma, Z. 2013. Business students’ cheating in classroom and their propensity to cheat in the real world: A study of ethicality and practicality in China. Asian Journal of Business Ethics 2 (1): 65-78.
Mackie, J. L. 1990. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin Books.
Magnis-Suseno, F. 2005. Pemikiran Karl Marx: Dari Sosialisme Utopiske Perselisihan Revisionisme. Jakarta: Gramedia.
McFall, L. 1987. Integrity. Ethics 1: 5-20.
McGregor, L., and N. Doshi. 2015. How company culture shapes employee motivation. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/11/how- company-culture-shapes-employee-motivation.
Messick, D. M., and M. H. Bazerman. 2001. Ethical leadership and the psychology of decision making. Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations 3, 213-238.
Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological Research Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Nonis, S., and C. O. Swift. 2001. An examination of the relationship between academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: A multi-campus investigation. Journal of Education for Business 77 (2): 69-76.
Oyserman, D., K. Elmore, and G. S. Smith. 2012. Self, Self-Concept, and Identity - Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Paarlberg, L. E., and J. L. Perry. 2007. Values management: Aligning employee values and organization goals. The American Review of Public Administration 37 (4): 387-408.
Palanski, M. E., and F. J. Yammarino. 2007. Integrity and leadership: Clearing the conceptual confusion. European Management Journal 25 (3): 171-184.
Petrick, J. A., and J. F. Quinn. 2000. The integrity capacity construct and moral progress in business. Journal of Business Ethics 23 (1): 3-18.
Piaget, J. 1968. Six Psychological Studies. New York: Random House.
Piaget, J. 2001. The Psychology of Intelligence. London: Routledge.
Putman, D. 1996. Integrity and moral development. The Journal of Value Inquiry 30: 237-246.
Rest, J. 1986. Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. New York: Prager.
Robbins, S. P., and M. Coulter. 2016. Management (13th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Rokeach, M. 2000. Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. New York: The Free Press.
Rosenbaum, S. 2015. Recovering Integrity: Moral Thought in American Pragmatism. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Schoeman, F. (Ed.). 1987. Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Simkin, M. G., and A. McLeod. 2010. Why do college students cheat? Journal of Business Ethics 94 (2): 441-453.
Six, F. E., F. G. De Bakker, and L. W. Huberts. 2007. Judging a corporate leader’s integrity: An illustrated three-component model. European Management Journal 25 (3): 185-194.
Spector, P. 2006. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Talloo, T. J. 2007. Business Organization and Management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Taylor, G. 1981. Integrity. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 55: 143-159.
Trope, Y., and N. Liberman. 2003. Temporal construal. Psychological Review 110: 403–421.
Williams, B. 1973. Integrity - Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wisesa, A. 2010. Menerapkan integritas di dalam organisasi. MBA ITB Business Review 5 (1).
Wisesa, A. 2016a. Analisis kritis mengenai integritas diri sebagai posisi dinamis dalam kerangka pikir konstruktivistik Jean Piaget. Doctoral Dissertation. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Wisesa, A. 2016b. Cognitive moral development and its relevance in establishing moral integrity in organization. Sains Humanika 1-2: 53-57.

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.