Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Page Header Logo

Research article

Vol 7 No 2 (2013): Volume 7, Number 2, 2013

Kinetika reaksi esterifikasi palm fatty acid distilate (PFAD) menjadi biodiesel dengan katalis zeolit-zirkonia tersulfatasi

DOI
https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.4953
Submitted
November 15, 2023
Published
December 31, 2013

Abstract

Energy crisis due to depletion of crude oil resources has been a motivation for alternative energy search. Biodiesel becomes a potential among other alternative energy sources. However, large scale biodiesel production is hampered by the raw materials which become expensive and tent to compete with the source of food needs. Therefore, a search for an alternative inexpensive raw material is necessary. Palm fatty acid distilate (PFAD) is one of alternative raw materials can be utilized. The present work objective was to investigate reaction kinetics of PFAD esterification for biodiesel with zirconium sulphated zeolite as catalyst.
PFAD as a source of fatty acid underwent esterification to produce biodiesel in a three necked flask equiped with heater, stirrer and reflux condensor. In order to study the reaction kinetics, samples were collected consecutively every 10 minutes and the conversion of the fatty acid in each sample was determined. Here, two esterification reaction models were proposed i.e. pseudo-homogeneous first order reaction model and heterogeneous catalytic reaction model.
The results showed that calculated conversion for both proposed models were in a good agreement with the experimental data. The pseudo homogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 11.60 kJ/mole and a pre-exponential factor of 5.82×1016 s-1. Whereas, the heterogeneous reaction model has an activation energy of 950.46 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor of 4.11×1010 dm6.g cat-1.mol-1.s-1. The maximum conversion of 75.68% was obtained at 80 minute reaction time, at 65°C with the use of 3% catalyst and a PFAD:methanol molar ratio of 1:10.

References

  1. Alenezi, R., Leeke G. A., Winterbottom J. M., Santos R. C. D., Khan A. R., 2010. Esterification kinetics of free fatty acids with supercritical methanol for biodiesel production. Energy Convers. Manage 51, 1055–1059.
  2. Fernandes, S. A., Cardoso, A. L., Silva, M. J. D., 2012. A novel kinetic study of H3PW12O40 - catalyzed oleic acid esterification with methanolvia 1H NMR spectroscopy, Fuel Processing Technol 96, 98–103.
  3. Fogler, H. S., 1999. Element of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice-Hall Inc, New York.
  4. Garcia, C. M., Teixeira, S., Marciniuk, L. L, Schuchardt, U., 2008. Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by sulfated zirconia Bioresour. Technol 99, 6608–6613.
  5. Kiss, A. A., Dimian, A. C., dan Rothenberg, G., 2006. Solid Acid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production– Towards Sustainable Energy, Adv. Synth. Catal., 348, 75–81.
  6. Liu, Y., Lotero, E., Goodwin Jr, J. G., 2006. A comparison of the esterification of acetic acid with methanol using heterogeneous versus homogeneous acid catalyst, J. Catal. 242, 278–286.
  7. Park, Y. M., Chung, S. H., Eom, H. J., Lee, J. S., Lee, K. Y., 2010. Tungsten oxide zirconia as solid superacid catalyst for esterification of waste acid oil (dark oil), Bioresour. Technol. 101, 6589-6593.
  8. Rattanaphra, D.,. Harvey, A. P., Thanapimmetha, A., Srinophakun, P., 2011. Kinetic of myristic acid esterification with methanol in the presence of triglycerides over sulfated zirconia, Renewable Energy 36, 2679-2686.
  9. Sawitri, D. R., Kinetika esterifikasi pada produksi biodiesel dari palm fatty acid distilate (PFAD) dengan katalis zirkonia tersulfatasi. Tesis diajukan pada program pasca sarjana UGM, Yogyakarta.
  10. Tesser, R., Serio, M. D., Guida, M., Nastasi, M., dan Santacesaria, E., 2005. Kinetics of Oleic Acid Esterification with Methanol in the Presence of Triglycerides. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 7978- 7982.
  11. Zubir, M. I., Chin, S. Y., 2010. Kinetics of Modified Zirconia-Catalyzed Heterogeneous Esterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production, J. Appl. Sci. 21, 2584-2589.