Keywords
Soft Power; Gastrodiplomacy; Kimchi Diplomacy; South Korean Kimchi Export
Abstract
This research aims to provide the blueprint of how South Korea both state actors and nonstate actors involved in South Korea’s Gastrodiplomacy. This research will provide the details of South Korea government implementation of “Kimchi Diplomacy” in the world and the increases of South Korean Kimchi export. This research uses literature studies to collect all the information and data needed to answer Gastrodiplomacy impact on the South Korean economy. Gastrodiplomacy is a form of South Korea's soft power in promoting culinary culture, especially Kimchi. South Korea's strategy in introducing the world to their Kimchi commodity tends to be carried by people to people. In addition, Gastrodiplomacy is used by the South Korean government as a national branding to the world. This strategy has succeeded in improving the country's economic situation, especially the increase in exports of South Korean Kimchi commodities. South Korea's Kimchi exports have increased since 2011 and reached a tipping point to 144.51 million USD in 2020. This study indicates a relationship between South Korea's Gastrodiplomacy strategy and the improvement of the Kimchi commodity economy.
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Zhang, J. (2015). The Food of the Worlds: Mapping and Comparing Contemporary Gastrodiplomacy Campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9(0), 24. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2847/1316
Demir, M., & Alper, P. (2021). G20 summit menus as a means of gastrodiplomacy: Messages to the world via menus. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 25, 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100368
Djumala, D. (2020, August 14). Gastrodiplomacy and cultural diplomacy. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/08/14/gastrodiplomacy-and-cultural-diplomacy.html
flux. (2020, October 27). Gastrodiplomacy. Flux Trends. https://www.fluxtrends.com/gastrodiplomacy/
Griffiths, M., O’callaghan, T., & Roach, S. C. (2013, December 5). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Routledge & CRC Press; Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/International-Relations-The-Key-Concepts/Roach-Griffiths-OCallaghan/p/book/9780415844949
Herningtyas, R. (2019). Korean Gastro Diplomacy: Strategy To Enhance Country Promotion Toward Moslem Countries. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/icosihess-19.2019.42
H-K, C., & HJ, Y. (2016). Aesthetics of Korean Foods: The Symbol of Korean Culture. Journal of Ethnic Foods, X, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2016.09.001
Hurd, I. (2011). Law and the Practice of Diplomacy. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 66(3), 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201106600304
Istad, F. (2016). (PDF) A Strategic Approach to Public Diplomacy in South Korea. In Korea’s Public Diplomacy (pp. 14–15). Hangang Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315738290_A_Strategic _Approach_to_Public_Diplomacy_in_South_Korea
Jobst, N. (2020, May 5). South Korea: Kimchi export value 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1199251/south-korea-kimchi-export-value/
Jobst, N. (2021, March 5). South Korea: Kimchi consumption volume 2017. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1199849/south-korea-kimchi-consumption-volume/
Kim, C.-H. (2017). Let Them Eat Royal Court Cuisine! Heritage Politics of Defining Global Hansik. Gastronomica, 17(3), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2017.17.3.4
Kivela, J., & Crotts, J. C. (2005). Gastronomy Tourism. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 4(2-3), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1300/j385v04n02_03
Kwon, L.-S., Park, H.-Y., Lee, S.-R., Lim, H.-J., & Kwon, Y.-E. (2021). Current Status and Future Prospect of the Kimchi Industry. Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology, 4(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.13106/jwmap.2021.Vol4.no2.1
Lipscomb, A. (2019, March 28). Culinary Relations: Gastrodiplomacy in Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Yale Review of International Studies. http://yris.yira.org/essays/3080
McCurry, J. (2012, May 28). More than kimchi: Korean food’s popularity soars. The World from PRX. https://theworld.org/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/south-korea/120528/more-kimchi-korean-foods-popularity-soars
Morgan, L. (2012). Diplomatic Gastronomy: Style and Power at the Table. Food and Foodways, 20(2), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2012.680366
Nirwandy, N., & Awang, A. (2014). ScienceDirect. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.038
NPR. (2016, August 22). How South Korea Uses Kimchi To Connect To The World — And Beyond. NPR; NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/08/22/489805398/how-south-korea-uses-kimchi-to-connect-to-the-world-and-beyond
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. https://www.academia.edu/28699788/Soft_Power_the_Means_to_Success_in_World_Politics_Joseph_S_Nye_Jr
Paik, W. (2012). Korean Wave as Tool for Korea’s New Cultural Diplomacy. Advances in Applied Sociology, 02(03), 198.
Pulmuone. (2019, February 11). Pulmuone’s Kimchi Museum Offers Kimchi Academy for Children, Multicultural Families and Foreign Visitors Free of Charge | Press Releases | Pulmuone Newsroom | Pulmuone Pulmuone. Www.pulmuone.co.kr. https://www.pulmuone.co.kr/en/newsroom/viewPulmuone News.do?id=989
Pulmuone. (n.d.). Company Growth | History | About Us | Pulmuone Pulmuone. Www.pulmuone.co.kr. https://www.pulmuone.co.kr/en/company/viewHistory.do?page=1
Qin, Y. (2020). Diplomacy as Relational Practice. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(1-2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-15101092
Quartz. (2019, May 3). Foodie culture is now part of foreign policy — It’s Gastrodiplomacy. Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUaZ5IGL3AY
Rockower, P. S. (2012). Recipes for gastrodiplomacy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2012.17
Sánchez-Cañizares, S. M., & López-Guzmán, T. (2012). Gastronomy as a tourism resource: profile of the culinary tourist. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(3), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.589895
Sandal, N. A., & Fox, J. (2015). Religion in international relations theory : interactions and possibilities. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Sang-Hun, C. (2021, November 3). From BTS to “Squid Game”: How South Korea Became a Cultural Juggernaut. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/03/world/asia/squid-game-korea-bts.html
Satran, J. (2014, February 27). How The Olympics Changed The Game For Kimchi (And Korea). HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kimchi-south-korea_n_4823799
The Kitchen Sisters. (2016, August 22). How South Korea Uses Kimchi To Connect To The World — And Beyond. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.wbez.org/stories/how-south-korea-uses-kimchi-to-connect-to-the-world-and-beyond/48fe0b86-e229-4a87-b452-fe3f305e48bf
The Korea Times. (2021, January 7). Kimchi most popular Korean dish for foreigners: survey. Koreatimes. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2021/11/141_302086.html
UNESCO. (2013). UNESCO - Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea. Ich.unesco.org. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881
Wilson, R. (2013). Cocina Peruana Para El Mundo: Gastrodiplomacy, the Culinary Nation Brand, and the Context of National Cuisine in Peru “4’/4”$(&48. Surface. https://surface.syr.edu/cgi /viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=exchange
Yeon-soo, K. (2021, February 25). New culture minister vows “kimchi diplomacy.” Koreatimes. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2021/11/199_304619.html
Yonhap. (2021, April 21). S. Korea’s kimchi exports hit new high in Q1. Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210421001200320
Zhang, J. (2015). The Food of the Worlds: Mapping and Comparing Contemporary Gastrodiplomacy Campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9(0), 24. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2847/1316
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