Keywords
Hydrodynamic cavitation, Lipid extraction, Microalgae, Energy of extraction, Mathematical modeling
Abstract
Lipid extraction assisted by hydrodynamic cavitation (HCLE) is one of the promising processes with low energy requirements. This study aims to reduce the energy requirement using a discrete flow system and evaluate two models to calculate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The variations of the number of repetitions, cavitation number, microalgae concentration, and temperature have affected the energy requirement value. The first model uses total lipid mass transfer approximation (Model 1) and the second uses separated lipid mass transfer approximation (Model 2). Based on Model 1 the value of total volumetric mass transfer coefficient ( ) f were 1.166 x 10-2, 3.113 x 10-3 and 1.285 x 10-3 min-1 with coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.9797. Whereas, based on Model 2 the value of volumetric mass transfer coefficient from disrupted microalgae ( ) were 1.131 x 10-2, 2.925 x 10-3 and 1.260 x 10-3 min-1 and from the intact microalgae ( ) was 0.051, 0.030 and 0.011 1/min with R2 of 0.9766. Both models gave a similar result. It was shown that lipid release from disrupted microalgae was dominant compared to the intact microalgae. Therefore, the discrete flow system of HCLE is a promising technique for extracting lipids from microalgae
References
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[2] H. Sudibyo, Y. S. Pradana, T. T. Samudra, A. Budiman, Indarto, and E. A. Suyono, “Study of cultivation under different colors of light and growth kinetic study of Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz for biofuel production,” Energy Procedia, vol. 105, pp. 270–276, 2017.
[3] T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins, and N. S. Caetano, “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 217–232, 2010.
[4] J. P. Maity, J. Bundschuh, C. Y. Chen, and P. Bhattacharya, “Microalgae for third generation biofuel production, mitigation ofgreenhouse gas emissions and wastewater treatment: Present andfuture perspectives - A mini review,” Energy, vol. 78, pp. 104–113, 2014.
[5] T. Suganya, M. Varman, H. H. Masjuki, and S. Renganathan, “Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 55, pp. 909–941, 2016.
[6] Sunarno, Rochmadi, P. Mulyono, M. Aziz, and A. Budiman, “Kinetic study of catalytic cracking of bio-oil over silica-alumina catalyst,” BioResources, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1917–1929, 2018.
[7] D. R. Sawitri, Sutijan, and A. Budiman, “Kinetics study of free fatty acids esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate catalysed by sulphated zirconia,” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 9951–9957, 2016.
[8] S. Kathirvel, A. Layek, and S. Muthuraman, “Engineering Science and Technology , an International Journal Exploration of waste cooking oil methyl esters ( WCOME ) as fuel in compression ignition engines : A critical review,” Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1018–1026, 2016.
[9] Daniyanto, Sutijan, Deendarlianto, and A. Budiman, “Reaction kinetic of pyrolysis in mechanism of pyrolysis gasification process of dry torrified sugarcane bagasse,” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 9974–9980, 2016.
[10] D. R. Wicakso, Sutijan, Rochmadi, and A. Budiman, “Study of Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Tars using Indonesian Iron Ore,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, vol. 20094, pp. 1–8.
[11] S. Jamilatun, A. Budiman, Budhijanto, and Rochmadi, “Non-catalytic slow pyrolysis of Spirulina Platensis residue for production of liquid biofuel,” Int. J. Renew. ENERGY Res. S. Jamilatun al, vol. 7, no. 4, 2017.
[12] R. D. Kusumaningtyas, I. N. Aji, H. Hadiyanto, and A. Budiman, “Application of tin (II) chloride catalyst for high FFA Jatropha oil esterification in continuous reactive distillation column,” Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 66, 2016.
[13] T. Chatsungnoen and Y. Chisti, “Oil production by six microalgae: impact of flocculants and drying on oil recovery from the biomass,” J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2697–2705, 2016.
[14] P. Collet et al., “Biodiesel from microalgae–Life cycle assessment and recommendations for potential improvements,” Renew. Energy, vol. 71, pp. 525–533, 2014.
[15] E. Suali and R. Sarbatly, “Conversion of microalgae to biofuel,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 4316–4342, 2012.
[16] A. K. Lee, D. M. Lewis, and P. J. Ashman, “Force and energy requirement for microalgal cell disruption: An atomic force microscope evaluation,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 128, pp. 199–206, 2013.
[17] A. K. Lee, D. M. Lewis, and P. J. Ashman, “Microalgal cell disruption by hydrodynamic cavitation for the production of biofuels,” J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1881–1889, 2015.
[18] K. de Boer, N. R. Moheimani, M. A. Borowitzka, and P. A. Bahri, “Extraction and conversion pathways for microalgae to biodiesel: A review focused on energy consumption,” J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1681–1698, 2012.
[19] B. Momin, S. Chakraborty, and U. Annapure, “Investigation of the cell disruption methods for maximizing the extraction of arginase from mutant Bacillus licheniformis ( M09 ) using statistical approach,” Korean J. Chem. Eng., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1–12, 2018.
[20] H. Yen, I. Hu, C. Chen, S. Ho, D. Lee, and J. Chang, “Microalgae-based biorefinery – From biofuels to natural products,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 135, pp. 166–174, 2013.
[21] M. Setyawan, P. Mulyono, Sutijan, and A. Budiman, “Comparison of Nannochloropsis sp . cells disruption between hydrodynamic cavitation and conventional extraction,” in MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018, vol. 1023, pp. 1–5.
[22] S. I. Choi, J. P. Feng, H. S. Seo, Y. M. Jo, and H. C. Lee, “Evaluation of the cavitation effect on liquid fuel atomization by numerical simulation,” Korean J. Chem. Eng., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2164–2171, 2018.
[23] I. Lee and J. I. Han, “Simultaneous treatment (cell disruption and lipid extraction) of wet microalgae using hydrodynamic cavitation for enhancing the lipid yield,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 186, pp. 246–251, 2015.
[24] L. Paulo, S. Silva, and J. Martínez, “Mathematical modeling of mass transfer in supercritical fluid extraction of oleoresin from red pepper,” J. Food Eng., vol. 133, pp. 30–39, 2014.
[25] J.-P. Franc and J.-M. Michel, Fundamentals of Cavitation. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
[26] T. A. Beacham, C. Bradley, D. A. White, P. Bond, and S. T. Ali, “Lipid productivity and cell wall ultrastructure of six strains of Nannochloropsis: Implications for biofuel production and downstream processing,” Algal Res., vol. 6, no. PA, pp. 64–69, 2014.
[27] K. Sivaramakrishnan and P. Ravikumar, “Determination of Higher Heating Value of Biodiesels,” Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 7981–7987, 2011.
[28] R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, “10. Transport and storage of fluids,” in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 2008, p. 2400.
[29] M. A. Islam, R. J. Brown, I. O’Hara, M. Kent, and K. Heimann, “Effect of temperature and moisture on high pressure lipid/oil extraction from microalgae,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 88, pp. 307–316, 2014.
[30] Y. He et al., “Nontoxic oil preparation from Jatropha curcas L. seeds by an optimized methanol/n-hexane sequential extraction method,” Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 97, pp. 308–315, 2017.
[31] J. L. A. Dagostin, D. Carpiné, and M. L. Corazza, “Extraction of soybean oil using ethanol and mixtures with alkyl esters (biodiesel) as co-solvent: Kinetics and thermodynamics,” Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 74, pp. 69–75, 2015.
[32] K. Yamamoto, P. M. King, X. Wu, T. J. Mason, and E. M. Joyce, “Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the disruption of algal cells,” Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 24, pp. 165–171, 2015.
[33] H. Sovová, “Mathematical model for supercritical fluid extraction of natural products and extraction curve evaluation,” J. Supercrit. Fluids, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 35–52, 2005.
[34] J. A. Gerde, M. Montalbo-Lomboy, L. Yao, D. Grewell, and T. Wang, “Evaluation of microalgae cell disruption by ultrasonic treatment,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 125, pp. 175–181, 2012.
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