Production of Biodiesel Using Enzymatic Esterification of Multi-Feedstock Oils
Abstract
Biodiesel is produced from oils esterified with alcohol into glycerol and water. Vegetable edible oil raw materials are the main consideration in biodiesel production. This study used three types of oil, namely palm oil (PO), waste frying oil (WFO), soybean oil (SO), and corn oil (CO), with the catalyst of the enzyme lipase. The price of WFO as raw materials is low, although it must be controlled acid and water levels. In the research run, the oil mixture consists of two types of oils mixed with a certain composition and the addition of certain lipase enzymes. The research resulted that the yield produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel with free fatty acid (FFA) < 2 was 89.7%, 89.03%, and 86.11% higher than the sample with FFA > 2 at 79.54%, 74.66%, and 73.33%, respectively. The minimum density produced is a mixture of WFO with CO of 861.1 kg/m3. The largest viscosity produced is a mixture of WFO with SO of 18.03 mm2/s. Mixing raw materials can lower the number of iodine multi-feedstock biodiesel. The number of acids produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel exceeds ASTM standards. The total glycerol produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel varies, whereby a multi-feedstock blend of PO can lower total glycerol. In contrast, a multi-feedstock blend of WFO tends to produce high total glycerol.
References
Abomohra, A.E., Elsayed, M., Esakkimuthu, S., El-Sheekh, M., Hanelt, D., 2020. “Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 81, 100868.
Adewale, P., Vithanage, L.N., Christopher, L., 2017. “Optimization of enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil using Taguchi method.” Energy Conversion Management, 154, 81–91.
Adhani, L., Aziz, I., Nurbayti, S., Oktaviana, C.O., 2016. “Pembuatan Biodiesel dengan Cara Adsorpsi dan Transesterifikasi Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas.” Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ilmu Kimia, 2 (1), 71-80.
Almeida, J.R., Fảvaro, L.C., Quirino, B.F., 2012. “Biodiesel Biorefinery: Opportunities and Challenges for Microbial Production of Fuels and Chemical from Glycerol Waste.” Biotechnology Biofuels, 5, 48.
Aparamarta, H.W., Gunawan, S., Husin, H., Azhar, B., Aditya, H.T., 2020. “The effect of high oleic and linoleic fatty acid composition for quality and economical of biodiesel from crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CCIO) with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), batchwise solvent extraction (BSE), and combination of MAE–BSE methods.” Energy Reports, 6, 3240–3248.
Araújo, C.D.M., Andrade, C.C., Silva, E.S., Dupas, F.A., 2013. “Biodiesel production from used cooking oil: A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 445–452.
Atabani A.E., Silitonga A.S., Badarudin I.A., Mahlia T.M.I., Masjuki H.H., Mekhilef, S., 2012. “A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristic.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 16, 2070-93.
Athar, M., Zaidi, S., 2020. “A review of the feedstocks, catalysts, and intensification techniques for sustainable biodiesel production.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8, 104523.
Barabás, I., and Todoruţ, I.A., 2011. “Biodiesel Quality, Standards and Properties, Biodiesel - Quality, Emissions and By-Products, Gisela Montero and Margarita Stoytcheva.” IntechOpen.
Basyouny, M. G., Abukhadra, M. R., Alkhaledi, K., El-Sherbeeny, A. M., El-Meligy, M. A., Soliman, A. T. A., & Luqman, M. 2021. “Insight into the catalytic transformation of the waste products of some edible oils (corn oil and palm oil) into biodiesel using MgO/clinoptilolite green nanocomposite.” Molecular Catalysis, 500, 111340.
Bezerra, R.M., Neto, D.M.A., Galv˜ao, W.S., Rios, N.S., de Carvalho, A.C.L., Correa, M.A., 2017. “Design of a lipase-nano particle biocatalysts and its use in the kinetic resolution of medicament precursors.” Biochemical Engineering Journal, 125, 104–115.
Cavalcante, F.T.T., Neto, F.S., Falcao, I.R.A., Souza, J.S.S., Junior, L.S.M., Sousa, P.S., Rocha, T.G., Sousa, I.G., Gomes, P.H.L., Souza, M.C.M., Santos, J.C.S., 2021. “Opportunities for improving biodiesel production via lipase catalysis.” Fuel, 288, 119577.
Chang, M.Y., Chan, E., Song, C.P., 2021. “Biodiesel production catalyzed by low-cost liquid enzyme Eversa® Transform 2.0: Effect of free fatty acid content on lipase methanol tolerance and kinetic model.” Fuel, 283, 119266.
Chapman, J., Ismail, A., Dinu, C.Z., 2018. “Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Recent Advances, Techniques, and Outlooks.” Catalysts, 8, 238.
Chen, C., Chitose, A., Kusadokoro, M., Nie, H., Xu, W., Yang, F., & Yang, S. 2021. “Sustainability and challenges in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An advanced bibliometric analysis.” Energy Reports, 7, 4022-4034.
Cipolatti, E.P., Manoel, E.A., Fernandez-Lafuente, R., Freire, D.M.G., 2017. “Support engineering: relation between development of new supports for immobilization of lipases and their applications.” Biotechnology Research and Innovation, 1, 26–34.
Davids, T., Schmidt, M., B¨ottcher, D., Bornscheuer, U.T., 2013. “Strategies for the discovery and engineering of enzymes for biocatalysis.” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 17, 215–120.
Dutta, A., Bouri, E., Saeed, T., & Vo, X. V. 2021. “Crude oil volatility and the biodiesel feedstock market in Malaysia during the 2014 oil price decline and the COVID-19 outbreak.” Fuel, 292, 120221.
Elgharbawy, A.S., Sadik, W.A., Sadek, O., Kasaby, M.A., 2021. “Glycerolysis treatment to enhance biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks.” Fuel, 284, 118970.
Elma, M., Sunendra, S.A., Wahyudin., 2016. “Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Campuran Minyak Kelapa dan Minyak Jelantah.” Konversi, 5(1), 9-19.
Encinar, J.M., Gonzalez, J.F., Rodríguez-Reinares, A., 2005. “Biodiesel from Used Frying Oil. Variables Affecting the Yields and Characteristics of the Biodiesel.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, 5491-5499,
Fan, X., Burton, R., Austic, G., 2009. “Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel Produced from Recycled Canola Oil.” The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal, 2, 113-118.
Farooq, M., Ramli, A., Naeem, A., 2015. “Biodiesel production from low FFA waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones.” Renewable Energy, 76, 362-368.
Laskar, I. B., Deshmukhya, T., Bhanja, P., Paul, B., Gupta, R., & Chatterjee, S. 2020. “Transesterification of soybean oil at room temperature using biowaste as catalyst; an experimental investigation on the effect of co-solvent on biodiesel yield.” Renewable Energy, 162, 98-111.
Li, Z. H., Lin, P. H., Wu, J. C. S., Huang, Y. T., Lin, K. S. and Wu, K. C. W., 2013. “A stirring packed-bed reactor to enhance the esterification–transesterification in biodiesel production by lowering mass-transfer resistance.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 234, 9-15.
Lin, C. Y., & Wu, X. E. 2022. “Determination of cetane number from fatty acid compositions and structures of Biodiesel. Processes, 10(8), 1502,
Maldonado, R.R., 2016. “A Review on Geotrichum Lipases: Production, Purification, Immobilization and Applications.” Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 30(4), 439-454.
Mandari, V., & Devarai, S. K. 2022. “Biodiesel production using homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts via transesterification and esterification reactions: A critical review.” BioEnergy Research, 15, 935–961.
Mansir, N., Teo, S.H., Rashid, U., Saiman, M.I., Tan, Y.P., Alsultan, G.A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., 2018) “Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3645–3655.
Miraculas, G.A., 2018. “Process parameter optimization for biodiesel production from mixed feedstock using empirical model.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 28, 54-59.
Monteiro, R.R.C., Pena, S.A., da Rocha, T.N., Miranda, L.P., Berenguer-Murcia, A, Tardioli, PW, dos Santos, JCS, Fernandez-Lafuente, R., 2021. “Liquid lipase preparations designed for industrial production of biodiesel. Is it really an optimal solution?.” Renewable Energy, 164, 1566-1587.
Mujtaba, M. A., Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. H., Razzaq, L., Khan, H. M., Soudagar, M. E. M., ... & Ong, H. C. 2021. “Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends.” Renewable Energy, 179, 1447-1457.
Mukhtar, A., Saqib, S., Lin, H., Shah, M. U. H., Ullah, S., Younas, M., ... & Bokhari, A. 2022. “Current status and challenges in the heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 157, 112012.
Omwoyo, J. B., & Mengo, W. 2023. “The Effects of a Sodium Carbonate Catalyst on Calorific Value, Flash Point, Cetane Index, and pH of Tire Pyrolysis Oil.” International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 7730676.
Pourzolfaghar, H., Abnisa, F., Daud, W.M.A.W., Aroua, M.K., 2016. “A review of the enzymatic hydro esterification process for biodiesel production.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, 245–257.
Pratas, M.J., Freitas, S.V., Oliveira, M.B., Monteiro, S.C., Lima, Á.S., Coutinho, J.A., 2011. “Biodiesel density: Experimental measurements and prediction models.” Energy Fuels, 25, 2333– 2340.
Reddy, A.N.R., Ahmed, A.S., Islam, M.D., Hamdan, S., 2017. “Methanolysis of Crude Jatropha oil using heterogeneous catalyst from the seashells and eggshells as green biodiesel.” ASEAN Journal of Science and Technology Development, 32 (1), 16-30.
Rodrigues, A. C. C. 2021. “Policy, regulation, development and future of biodiesel industry in Brazil.” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4, 100197,
Sahar, Sadaf, S., Iqbal, J., Ullah, I., Bhatti, H.N., Nouren, S., Rehman, H., Nisar, J., Iqbal, M., 2018. “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel.” Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 220–226.
Sakthivel, R., Ramesh, K., Purnachandran, R., Shameer, P.M., 2018. “A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2970–2992.
Salem, B., Ouesleti, S., Mabrouk, Y., Landolsi, A., Saidi, M., Boulilla, A., 2018. “Exploring the nutraceutical potential and biological activities of Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae) fruits.” Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 726-731.
Sharma, S., Saxena, V., Baranwal, A., Chandra, P., Pandey, L.M., 2018. “Engineered nano porous materials mediated heterogeneous catalysts and their implications in biodiesel production.” Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 1(1), 11-21.
Thilakarathne, D., Miyuranga, K. V., Arachchige, U. S. P. R., Weerasekara, N. A., & Jayasinghe, R. A. 2021. “Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in laboratory scale: A review.” International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science, 5(6), 28-34.
Wang, W., Li, F., & Wang, H. 2021. “Study of light wavelength on the oxidative stability of Jatropha biodiesel.” Fuel, 292, 120230.
Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.
Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.
