Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Bamboo Activated Carbon Activate using Potassium Hydroxide Assisted by Microwave-Ultrasonic Irradiation
Keywords:
Activated carbon, Bamboo, Electrochemical, Microwave, Ultrasonic
Abstract
The drying technique of Antiozonant Wax (AOW) using drying air in the spray drying tower has a considerable effect on the produced AOW powder. In this study, the drying air flow rate was measured in such a way that AOW can transform into a powder with a size of 800 mesh. The diameter and height of the spray drying tower are 1 and 6 m, respectively. Meanwhile, the AOW flow rate to the spray drying tower varies from 100 kg/hour to 500 kg/hour. The intake AOW temperature was 70 °C and at the outlet was 40 °C, while the drying air temperatures in and out of the spray drying tower were 30 and 55 °C, respectively. From the calculation results, the flow rate of the drying air is directly proportional to the flow rate of the AOW into the spray drying tower but inversely proportional to the speed of the AOW powder down the spray drying tower. In the meantime, the drying period for AOW to become a powder is between 1.033 – 1.279 s, not significantly different. It gives insight into the need to dry air in the spray drying tower configuration so that the findings will conform to the predetermined requirements.References
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28. Zaky, M. T., Mohamed, N. H., & Farag, A. S. (2007). "Separation of different paraffin wax grades using two comparative deoiling techniques," Fuel processing technology, 88(9), 913-920.
29. Zareifard, M. R., Niakousari, M., Shokrollahi, Z., & Javadian, S. (2012). "A feasibility study on the drying of lime juice: the relationship between the key operating parameters of a small laboratory spray dryer and product quality," Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(5), 1896-1906.
30. Zbiciński, I. (1995). "Development and experimental verification of momentum, heat and mass transfer model in spray drying," The Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal, 58(2), 123-133.
2. Cataldo, F. (2018). "Early stages of p-phenylenediamine antiozonants reaction with ozone: Radical cation and nitroxyl radical formation," Polymer Degradation and Stability, 147, 132-141.
3. Cataldo, F. (2019). "Protection mechanism of rubbers from ozone attack," Ozone: Science & Engineering, 41(4), 358-368.
4. Cheng, F., Zhou, X., & Liu, Y. (2018). "Methods for improvement of the thermal efficiency during spray drying," E3S Web of Conferences, 53, 01031. EDP Sciences.
5. Choi, S. S. (1999). "Migration behaviors of antiozonants to the surface in NR vulcanizates, depending on the season: The effect of wax," Journal of applied polymer science, 71(12), 1987-1993.
6. Choi, S. S. (1999). "Wax barrier effect on migration behaviors of antiozonants in NR vulcanizates," Elastomers and Composites, 34(2), 147-155.
7. Crowe, C. T. (1983). "Droplet-gas interaction in counter-current spray dryers," Drying Technology, 1(1), 35-56.
8. de Melo Ramos, F., Ubbink, J., Júnior, V. S., & Prata, A. S. (2019). "Drying of Maltodextrin solution in a vacuum spray dryer," Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 146, 78-86.
9. Francia, V., Martín, L., Bayly, A. E., & Simmons, M. J. (2016). "Agglomeration in counter-current spray drying towers. Part A: Particle growth and the effect of nozzle height," Powder Technology, 301, 1330-1343.
10. Francia, V., Martín, L., Bayly, A. E., & Simmons, M. J. (2016). "Agglomeration in counter-current spray drying towers. Part B: Interaction between multiple spraying levels," Powder Technology, 301, 1344-1358.
11. Freund, M. (1982). Paraffin products: properties, technologies, applications, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, USA.
12. Goula, A. M., & Adamopoulos, K. G. (2005). "Spray drying of tomato pulp in dehumidified air: II. The effect on powder properties," Journal of food engineering, 66(1), 35-42.
13. Goula, A. M., & Adamopoulos, K. G. (2010). "A new technique for spray drying orange juice concentrate," Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11(2), 342-351.
14. Kamaruddin, A. N., Ansarifar, A., Saeed, F., Haile-Meskel, Y., & Ellis, R. J. (2012). "Effect of different paraffin waxes and antiozonant on the processing and mechanical properties of natural rubber," Journal of Rubber Research, 15(1), 35-45.
15. Keshani, S., Daud, W. R. W., Nourouzi, M. M., Namvar, F., & Ghasemi, M. (2015). "Spray drying: An overview on wall deposition, process and modeling," Journal of Food Engineering, 146, 152-162.
16. Kudra, T. (2003). "Sticky region in drying—definition and identification," Drying Technology, 21(8), 1457-1469.
17. Mizrahi, S., Berk, Z., & Cogan, U. (1967). "Isolated soybean protein as a banana spray drying aid," Cereal Sci. Today, 12(8), 322.
18. Otolowo, D. T., Olapade, A. A., Oladele, S. O., & Egbuna, F. (2017). "Drying characteristics and quality evaluation of dehydrated catfish (Clarias gariepinus)," Nutrition & Food Science, 47, 765-779
19. Sanderson, C., Emmanuel, J., Emmanual, J., & Campbell, P. (1988). "A historical review of paraffin and its development as an embedding medium," Journal of Histotechnology, 11(1), 61-63.
20. Saha, S., Vineet, K., Bhowmick, A. K., Deuri, A. S., & Vaidya, D. M. (2021). "Stubble resistance of rubber vulcanizates: Influence of short fiber and resin," Polymer Testing, 94, 107048.
21. Segura-Ponce, L. A., Soto-Pardo, V. A., & Guzmán-Meza, M. F. (2019). "Characterization of apples (Granny Smith) dried in industrial equipment and the relationship with drying mechanisms," Food Structure, 21, 100119.
22. Sharj-Sharifi, M., Taghvaei-Ganjali, S., & Motiee, F. (2020). "The effect of protecting waxes on staining antidegradant performance in tyre sidewall formulation," Journal of Rubber Research, 23, 111-124.
23. Sobukola, O. P., & Olatunde, S. O. (2011). "Effect of salting techniques on salt uptake and drying kinetics of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)," Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89, 170-177.
24. Trade Map. (2021a). List of products imported by Indonesia detailed products in the following category: 271220 Paraffin wax containing < 0,75% by weight of oil
25. Trade Map. (2021b). List of products exported by Indonesia detailed products in the following category: 271220 Paraffin wax containing < 0,75% by weight of oil
26. Ushmarin, N. F., & Kavun, S. M. (2017). "New antiozonants for rubber compounds based on oxyalkylated derivatives of 4-aminodiphenylamine," International Polymer Science and Technology, 44, 29-36.
27. Walton, D. E. (2000). "The morphology of spray-dried particles a qualitative view," Drying Technology, 18(9), 1943-1986.
28. Zaky, M. T., Mohamed, N. H., & Farag, A. S. (2007). "Separation of different paraffin wax grades using two comparative deoiling techniques," Fuel processing technology, 88(9), 913-920.
29. Zareifard, M. R., Niakousari, M., Shokrollahi, Z., & Javadian, S. (2012). "A feasibility study on the drying of lime juice: the relationship between the key operating parameters of a small laboratory spray dryer and product quality," Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(5), 1896-1906.
30. Zbiciński, I. (1995). "Development and experimental verification of momentum, heat and mass transfer model in spray drying," The Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal, 58(2), 123-133.
Published
2021-12-31
How to Cite
Zawawi, N. M., Hamzah, F., Veny, H., Mohd Rodhi, M. N., & Sarif, M. (2021). Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Bamboo Activated Carbon Activate using Potassium Hydroxide Assisted by Microwave-Ultrasonic Irradiation. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 21(2), 211-224. Retrieved from https://dev.journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/9199
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