The Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature on the Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Palm Oil as a Feedstock using Microwave-Assisted Heating
Keywords:
methyl ester sulfonate, palm oil, transesterification, sulfonation, microwave
Abstract
Methyl ester sulfonate is an anionic surfactant that can be synthesized from palm oil as a raw material with the addition of sodium bisulfite and calcium oxide catalyst through transesterification and sulfonation process using microwave-assisted heating. The effect of microwave-assisted heating in the transesterification-sulfonation process was investigated in this study. The transesterification process was carried out using a microwave power of 300 watts for 10 minutes with an addition of a KOH catalyst of 1%. The transesterification process gave a result of palm oil methyl ester with a yield of up to 98% and density of 0.8546 gr/ml, and kinematic viscosity of 3.19 cSt. The sulfonation process is carried out using palm oil methyl ester and sodium bisulfite with a mole ratio of 1:3 and calcium oxide catalyst of 1.5% with the microwave power of 300 watts while varying the sulfonation time and temperature. The physicochemical properties of methyl ester sulfonate were analyzed, and the sulfonate group was characterized using FTIR. The optimum condition gave a yield of up to 98.68%, the density of 0.8657 gr/ml, viscosity of 3.75 cSt, pH of 2.12, and surface tension of up to 27.34 dyne/cm at a temperature of 100oC and sulfonation time of 40 minutes.References
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2. Amous, JM, 2016. Kinetic Study on Dodecylbenzene Sulfonation in a Mixed Batch Reactor. Chem. Mater. Eng. 4, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.13189/cme.2016.040301
3. Asselah, A., Tazerouti, A., 2014. Photosulfochlorination Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Derived from Lauric and Myristic Acids. J. Surfactants Deterg. 17, 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-014-1635-9
4. Aziz, I., 2008. Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Goreng Bekas. J. Kim. Val. 1, 19–23.
5. Babu, K., Maurya, N.K., Mandal, A., Saxena, V.K., 2015. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Methyl Ester Sulfonate for Chemically-Enhanced Oil Recovery. Brazilian J. Chem. Eng. 32, 795–803. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20150323s00003642
6. Bazel, Y.R., Antal, I.P., Lavra, V.M., Kormosh, Z.A., 2014. Methods for the Determination of Anionic Surfactants. J. Anal. Chem. 69, 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934814010043
7. Bondi, C.A.M., Marks, J.L., Wroblewski, L.B., Raatikainen, H.S., Lenox, S.R., Gebhardt, K.E., 2015. Human and Environmental Toxicity of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): Evidence for Safe Use in Household Cleaning Products. Environ. Health Insights 9, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.4137/EHI.S31765
8. De Souza, ROMA, 2015. Theoretical Aspects of Microwave Irradiation Practices. Biofuels and Biorefineries 3, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9612-5_1
9. Derawi, D., Abdullah, B.M., Zaman Huri, H., Yusop, R.M., Salimon, J., Hairunisa, N., Salih, N., 2014. Palm Olein as Renewable Raw Materials for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Products Applications: Chemical Characterization and Physicochemical Properties Studies. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/134063
10. Elraies, K.A., Tan, I.M., Awang, M., Saaid, I., 2010. The Synthesis and Performance of Sodium Methyl Ester Sulfonate for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Pet. Sci. Technol. 28, 1799–1806. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916460903226072
11. Gude, V.G., Patil, P., Deng, S., 2013. Microwave Energy Potential for Large Scale Biodiesel Production. World Renew. Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Incl. World Renew. Energy Congr. XII Color. Renew. Energy Soc. Annu. Conf. 1, 1–31.
12. Hidayati, S., Suryani, A., Permadi, P., Hambali, E., Syamsu, K., Sukardi, 2005. Optimasi Proses Pembuatan Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Minyak Inti Sawit. Teknol. Ind. Pertan. 15, 96–100.
13. Jin, Y., Tian, S., Guo, J., Ren, X., Li, X., Gao, S., 2016. Synthesis, Characterization and Exploratory Application of Anionic Surfactant Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonate from Waste Cooking Oil. J. Surfactants Deterg. 19, 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-016-1813-z
14. Khoshsima, A., Dehghani, MR, 2015. Phase Behavior of Glycol Ether Surfactant Systems in the Presence of Brine and Hydrocarbon: Experiment and Modeling. Fluid Phase Equilib. 16, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2016.01.019
15. Mehling, A., Kleber, M., Hensen, H., 2007. Comparative Studies on the Ocular and Dermal Irritation Potential of Surfactants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 747–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.024
16. Motasemi, F., Ani, FN, 2012. A Review on Microwave-Assisted Production of Biodiesel. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16, 4719–4733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.069
17. Muhammed, N., 2016. Review in Causes of Viscosity in Fluids. J. Bio Innov. 6, 117–123.
18. Nomanbhay, S., Ong, M.Y., 2017. A Review of Microwave-Assisted Reactions for Biodiesel Production. Bioengineering 4, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4020057
19. Sánchez, J., del Valle, M., 2005. Determination of Anionic Surfactants Employing Potentiometric Sensors - A Review. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 35, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340590947899
20. Santoso, A., F, A.H.C., Rachman, I.B., 2019. Synthesis of Biodiesel from Low-Quality Crude Palm Oil with Heterogeneous Catalyst Cao-ZnO Synthesis of Biodiesel from Low-Quality Crude Palm Oil with Heterogeneous Catalyst Cao-ZnO, in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/515/1/012082
21. Slamet, Ibadurrohman, M., Wulandari, P.P., 2017. Synthesis of methyl ester sulfonate surfactant from crude palm oil as an active substance of laundry liquid detergent. AIP Conf. Proc. 1904, 0200581–7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011915
22. Stepanets, O. V., Solov’eva, G.Y., Mikhailova, A.M., Kulapin, A.I., 2001. Rapid Determination of Anionic Surfactants in Seawater under Shipboard Conditions. J. Anal. Chem. 56, 290–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009470926575
23. Xie, T., Zeng, C., Wang, C., Zhang, L., 2013. Preparation of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Based on Sulfonation in a Falling Film Microreactor from Hydrogenated Palm Oil Methyl Esters with Gaseous SO3. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 3714–3722. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie3028763
24. Xu, J., Cao, F., Li, T., Zhang, S., Gao, C., Wu, Y., 2016. Itaconic Acid Based Surfactants: I. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium n-Octyl Sulfoitaconate Diester Anionic Surfactant. J. Surfactants Deterg. 19, 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-015-1769-4
Published
2021-06-30
How to Cite
Qadariyah, L., Sahila, S., & Mahfud, M. (2021). The Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature on the Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Palm Oil as a Feedstock using Microwave-Assisted Heating. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 20(2), 104-112. Retrieved from https://dev.journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/9170
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