Thermochemical Characterization of Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa Linn) for Power Generation
Keywords:
Bomb calorimeter, Elemental analysis, Higher Heating Value, Rice husk, SEM-EDX
Abstract
Rice husk is biomass that can be utilized as fuel for biomass gasification as a renewable energy source. In this paper, thermochemical methods were used to determine the higher heating values, moisture content, bulk density, pellet density, microstructure, and elemental composition of Thai Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa Linn). The heating energy was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter, which showed a higher heating value of 15.46 MJ/kg. Determination of pellet density through rice husk powder pelletization exhibited a value of 1.028 g/cm3, while moisture content was 5.017 wt%. The heating value and moisture content revealed good agreement with the literature values, indicating the potentiality of rice hush for energy generation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the raw rice husk and its ash have similar porosity types but different bulk structure. Elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) indicated that rice husk contains O, Si, C while O and C percentages were drastically decreased during combustion. The obtained heating value and moisture content proved that rice husk could be used as a bio-energy source in biomass gasification for power generation.
References
1. Hayati, N., Halim, A., Noor, S.S., Fazli, A., and Samad, A., (2019). "Effect of Gasification Temperature on Synthesis Gas Production and Gasification Performance for Raw and Torrefied Palm Mesocarp Fibre," ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 19 (2), 120–129.
2. Reza, M.S., Ahmed, A., Caesarendra, W., Abu Bakar, M.S., Shams, S., Saidur, R., Aslfattahi, N., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Acacia Holosericea : an Invasive Species for Bio-char , Bio-oil and Biogas Production," Bioengineering, 6 (2), 33.
3. Yoon, S.J., Son, Y. Il, Kim, Y.K., and Lee, J.G., (2012). "Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier," Renewable Energy, 42, 163–167.
4. Rizkiana, J., Handoko, S., Wulandari, W., Ridha, M.A., Prasetyo, H.A., and Sasongko, D., (2018). "Hybrid Coal: Effects Of Composition And Co-pyrolysis Retention Time in Low Rank Coal and Biomass Waste Co-pyrolysis Process on The Product’s Yield," ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 18 (1), 68–75.
5. Ahiduzzaman, M., and Sadrul Islam, A.K.M., (2016). "Preparation of porous bio-char and activated carbon from rice husk by leaching ash and chemical activation," SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1248.
6. Radenahmad, N., Abdul Rahman, I.S., Haji Morni, N.A., and Azad, A.K., (2018). "Acacia-Polyethylene Terephthalate Co- Gasification as Renewable Energy Resource," International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 8(3).
7. Pranolo, S.H., Bindar, Y., Sasongko, D., and Susanto, H., (2010). "Modeling and Simulation of a Separate Line Calciner Fueled with a Mixture of Coal and Rice Husk," ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 10 (1), 28–34.
8. Radenahmad, N., Tasfiah, A., Saghir, M., Taweekun, J., Saifullah, M., Bakar, A., Reza, S., and Kalam, A., (2020). "A review on biomass derived syngas for SOFC based combined heat and power application," Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 119(March), 109560.
9. Pantaleo, A.M., Camporeale, S., and Fortunato, B., (2015). "Small scale biomass CHP: Techno-economic performance of steam vs gas turbines with bottoming ORC," Energy Procedia, 82, 825–832.
10. Radenahmad, N., Taweekun, J., Afif, A., Park, J.Y., Zaini, J., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Syngas Fuelled High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cell," ECS Transactions, 91(1), 1621–1629.
11. Reza, M.S., Islam, S.N., Afroze, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Sukri, R.S., Rahman, S., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Evaluation of the bioenergy potential of invasive Pennisetum purpureum through pyrolysis and thermogravimetric analysis," Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(2), 118–133.
12. Sun, L., Carbide, S., and Sic, P., (2001). "Silicon-Based Materials from Rice Husks and Their Applications," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40(25), 5861–5877.
13. Ahmed, A., Hidayat, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Azad, A.K., Sukri, R.S., and Phusunti, N., (2018). "Thermochemical character-ization of Acacia auriculiformis tree parts via proximate, ultimate, TGA, DTG, calorific value and FTIR spectroscopy analyses to evaluate their potential as a biofuel resource," Biofuels, 0(0), 1–12.
14. Hossain, N., Zaini, J., Mahlia, T.M.I., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Elemental, morphological and thermal analysis of mixed microalgae species from drain water," Renewable Energy, 131, 617–624.
15. Sotelo, C., Agostinho, D., Garcia, R.A., and Weber, J.C., (2011). "Calorific value of Prosopis africana and Balanites aegyptiaca wood : Relationships with tree growth , wood density and rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel," Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 346–353.
16. Erol, M., Haykiri-Acma, H., and Küҫükbayrak, S., (2010). "Calorific value estimation of biomass from their proximate analyses data," Renewable Energy, 35, 170–173.
17. Biswas, B., Pandey, N., Bisht, Y., Singh, R., Kumar, J., and Bhaskar, T., (2017). "Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: Comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk," Bioresour. Technol., 237, 57–63.
18. Reza, M.S., Afroze, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Saidur, R., Aslfattahi, N., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Biochar characterization of invasive Pennisetum purpureum grass: effect of pyrolysis temperature," Biochar, 2(2), 239–251.
19. Balasundram, V., Ibrahim, N., Kasmani, R.M., Hamid, M.K.A., Isha, R., Hasbullah, H., and Ali, R.R., (2018). "Thermogra-vimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil," J. Cleaner Prod., 167, 218–228.
20. Yank, A., Ngadi, M., and Kok, R., (2016). "Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications," Biomass Bioenergy, 84, 22–30.
21. Brand, M.A., Jacinto, R.C., Antunes, R., and da Cunha, A.B., (2017). "Production of briquettes as a tool to optimize the use of waste from rice cultivation and industrial processing," Renewable Energy, 111, 116–123.
22. Hossain, M.S., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.S., Kader, M.A., and Haniu, H., (2017). "Biofuel from Co-pyrolysis of Solid Tire Waste and Rice Husk," Energy Procedia, 110 (December 2016), 453–458.
23. Abu Bakar, M.S., and Titiloye, J.O., (2013). "Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk for bio-oil production," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 103, 362–368.
24. Bazargan, A., Bazargan, M., and McKay, G., (2015). "Optimization of rice husk pretreatment for energy production," Renewable Energy, 77, 512–520.
25. Tabakaev, R., Shanenkov, I., Kazakov, A., and Zavorin, A., (2017). "Thermal processing of biomass into high-calorific solid composite fuel," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 124, 94–102.
26. Younis, M., Alnouri, S.Y., Abu Tarboush, B.J., and Ahmad, M.N., (2018). "Renewable biofuel production from biomass: a review for biomass pelletization, characterization, and thermal conversion techniques," International Journal of Green Energy, 15(13), 837–863.
27. Alhinai, M., Azad, A.K., Bakar, M.S.A., and Phusunti, N., (2018). "Character-ization and Thermochemical Con-version of Rice Husk for Biochar Production," International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 8(3), 1648–1656.
28. Jaya, R.P., Ahmad, Z.A., and Amin, Z.M., (2013). "Properties of Mortar Containing Rice Husk Ash at Different Temperature and Properties of Mortar Containing Rice Husk Ash at Different Temperature and Exposed to Aggressive Environmen," Adv. Mater. Res., 620, 87–93.
29. Ma, X., Zhou, B., Budai, A., Jeng, A., Hao, X., Wei, D., Zhang, Y., and Rasse, D., (2016). "Study of Biochar Properties by Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)," Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47 (5), 593–601.
30. Reza, M.S., Hasan, A.B.M.K., Afroze, S., Muhammad, S., Bakar, A., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Analysis on Preparation , Application , and Recycling of Activated Carbon to Aid in COVID-19 Protection," International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12(5), 233–244.
31. Kim, K.H., Kim, J.-Y.Y., Cho, T.-S.S., and Choi, J.W., (2012). "Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida)," Bioresour. Technol., 118, 158–162.
32. Hidayat, S., Abu Bakar, M.S., Yang, Y., Phusunti, N., and Bridgwater, A.V., (2018). "Characterisation and Py-GC/MS analysis of Imperata Cylindrica as potential biomass for bio-oil production in Brunei Darussalam," J. Anal. and Appl. Pyrolysis, 134, 510–519.
33. Reza, M.S., Yun, C.S., Afroze, S., Radenahmad, N., Bakar, M.S.A., Saidur, R., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its’ applications in water and gas purification, a review," Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27 (1), 208–238.
34. Parr, J.F., and Sullivan, L.A., (2005). "Soil carbon sequestration in phytoliths," Soil Biol. Biochem., 37 (1), 117–124.
35. Schnitzer, M.I., Monreal, C.M., Jandl, G., Leinweber, P., and Fransham, P.B., (2007). "The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure, biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS)", J. Environ. Sci. Health, 43 (1), 81-95.
36. Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, S., Adhikari, S., Ravindran, H., Gupta, R.B., Fasina, O., Tu, M., and Fernando, S.D., (2010). "Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor," Bioresour. Technol., 101 (21), 8389–8395.
37. Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Dou, X., Mohan, D., Sung, J.K., Yang, J.E., and Ok, Y.S., (2012). "Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water," Bioresour. Technol., 118, 536–544.
38. McKendry, P., (2002). "Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass," Bioresour. Technol., 83 (1), 37–46.
39. Budai, A., Wang, L., Gronli, M., Strand, L.T., Antal, M.J.J., Abiven, S., Dieguez-Alonso, A., Anca-Couce, A., and Rasse, D.P., (2014). "Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars : Effects of Production Temperature and Method," J. Agric. Food Chem., 62 (17), 3791–3799.
40. Stochero, N.P., Marangon, E., Nunes, A.S., and Tier, M.D., (2017). "Development of refractory ceramics from residual silica derived from rice husk ash and steel fibres," Ceram. Int., 43(16), 13875–13880.
41. Tiwari, S., and Pradhan, M.K., (2017). "Effect of rice husk ash on properties of aluminium alloys: A review," Materials Today: Proceedings, 4 (2), 486–495.
2. Reza, M.S., Ahmed, A., Caesarendra, W., Abu Bakar, M.S., Shams, S., Saidur, R., Aslfattahi, N., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Acacia Holosericea : an Invasive Species for Bio-char , Bio-oil and Biogas Production," Bioengineering, 6 (2), 33.
3. Yoon, S.J., Son, Y. Il, Kim, Y.K., and Lee, J.G., (2012). "Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier," Renewable Energy, 42, 163–167.
4. Rizkiana, J., Handoko, S., Wulandari, W., Ridha, M.A., Prasetyo, H.A., and Sasongko, D., (2018). "Hybrid Coal: Effects Of Composition And Co-pyrolysis Retention Time in Low Rank Coal and Biomass Waste Co-pyrolysis Process on The Product’s Yield," ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 18 (1), 68–75.
5. Ahiduzzaman, M., and Sadrul Islam, A.K.M., (2016). "Preparation of porous bio-char and activated carbon from rice husk by leaching ash and chemical activation," SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1248.
6. Radenahmad, N., Abdul Rahman, I.S., Haji Morni, N.A., and Azad, A.K., (2018). "Acacia-Polyethylene Terephthalate Co- Gasification as Renewable Energy Resource," International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 8(3).
7. Pranolo, S.H., Bindar, Y., Sasongko, D., and Susanto, H., (2010). "Modeling and Simulation of a Separate Line Calciner Fueled with a Mixture of Coal and Rice Husk," ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 10 (1), 28–34.
8. Radenahmad, N., Tasfiah, A., Saghir, M., Taweekun, J., Saifullah, M., Bakar, A., Reza, S., and Kalam, A., (2020). "A review on biomass derived syngas for SOFC based combined heat and power application," Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 119(March), 109560.
9. Pantaleo, A.M., Camporeale, S., and Fortunato, B., (2015). "Small scale biomass CHP: Techno-economic performance of steam vs gas turbines with bottoming ORC," Energy Procedia, 82, 825–832.
10. Radenahmad, N., Taweekun, J., Afif, A., Park, J.Y., Zaini, J., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Syngas Fuelled High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cell," ECS Transactions, 91(1), 1621–1629.
11. Reza, M.S., Islam, S.N., Afroze, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Sukri, R.S., Rahman, S., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Evaluation of the bioenergy potential of invasive Pennisetum purpureum through pyrolysis and thermogravimetric analysis," Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(2), 118–133.
12. Sun, L., Carbide, S., and Sic, P., (2001). "Silicon-Based Materials from Rice Husks and Their Applications," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40(25), 5861–5877.
13. Ahmed, A., Hidayat, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Azad, A.K., Sukri, R.S., and Phusunti, N., (2018). "Thermochemical character-ization of Acacia auriculiformis tree parts via proximate, ultimate, TGA, DTG, calorific value and FTIR spectroscopy analyses to evaluate their potential as a biofuel resource," Biofuels, 0(0), 1–12.
14. Hossain, N., Zaini, J., Mahlia, T.M.I., and Azad, A.K., (2019). "Elemental, morphological and thermal analysis of mixed microalgae species from drain water," Renewable Energy, 131, 617–624.
15. Sotelo, C., Agostinho, D., Garcia, R.A., and Weber, J.C., (2011). "Calorific value of Prosopis africana and Balanites aegyptiaca wood : Relationships with tree growth , wood density and rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel," Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 346–353.
16. Erol, M., Haykiri-Acma, H., and Küҫükbayrak, S., (2010). "Calorific value estimation of biomass from their proximate analyses data," Renewable Energy, 35, 170–173.
17. Biswas, B., Pandey, N., Bisht, Y., Singh, R., Kumar, J., and Bhaskar, T., (2017). "Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: Comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk," Bioresour. Technol., 237, 57–63.
18. Reza, M.S., Afroze, S., Bakar, M.S.A., Saidur, R., Aslfattahi, N., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Biochar characterization of invasive Pennisetum purpureum grass: effect of pyrolysis temperature," Biochar, 2(2), 239–251.
19. Balasundram, V., Ibrahim, N., Kasmani, R.M., Hamid, M.K.A., Isha, R., Hasbullah, H., and Ali, R.R., (2018). "Thermogra-vimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil," J. Cleaner Prod., 167, 218–228.
20. Yank, A., Ngadi, M., and Kok, R., (2016). "Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications," Biomass Bioenergy, 84, 22–30.
21. Brand, M.A., Jacinto, R.C., Antunes, R., and da Cunha, A.B., (2017). "Production of briquettes as a tool to optimize the use of waste from rice cultivation and industrial processing," Renewable Energy, 111, 116–123.
22. Hossain, M.S., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.S., Kader, M.A., and Haniu, H., (2017). "Biofuel from Co-pyrolysis of Solid Tire Waste and Rice Husk," Energy Procedia, 110 (December 2016), 453–458.
23. Abu Bakar, M.S., and Titiloye, J.O., (2013). "Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk for bio-oil production," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 103, 362–368.
24. Bazargan, A., Bazargan, M., and McKay, G., (2015). "Optimization of rice husk pretreatment for energy production," Renewable Energy, 77, 512–520.
25. Tabakaev, R., Shanenkov, I., Kazakov, A., and Zavorin, A., (2017). "Thermal processing of biomass into high-calorific solid composite fuel," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 124, 94–102.
26. Younis, M., Alnouri, S.Y., Abu Tarboush, B.J., and Ahmad, M.N., (2018). "Renewable biofuel production from biomass: a review for biomass pelletization, characterization, and thermal conversion techniques," International Journal of Green Energy, 15(13), 837–863.
27. Alhinai, M., Azad, A.K., Bakar, M.S.A., and Phusunti, N., (2018). "Character-ization and Thermochemical Con-version of Rice Husk for Biochar Production," International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 8(3), 1648–1656.
28. Jaya, R.P., Ahmad, Z.A., and Amin, Z.M., (2013). "Properties of Mortar Containing Rice Husk Ash at Different Temperature and Properties of Mortar Containing Rice Husk Ash at Different Temperature and Exposed to Aggressive Environmen," Adv. Mater. Res., 620, 87–93.
29. Ma, X., Zhou, B., Budai, A., Jeng, A., Hao, X., Wei, D., Zhang, Y., and Rasse, D., (2016). "Study of Biochar Properties by Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)," Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47 (5), 593–601.
30. Reza, M.S., Hasan, A.B.M.K., Afroze, S., Muhammad, S., Bakar, A., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Analysis on Preparation , Application , and Recycling of Activated Carbon to Aid in COVID-19 Protection," International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12(5), 233–244.
31. Kim, K.H., Kim, J.-Y.Y., Cho, T.-S.S., and Choi, J.W., (2012). "Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida)," Bioresour. Technol., 118, 158–162.
32. Hidayat, S., Abu Bakar, M.S., Yang, Y., Phusunti, N., and Bridgwater, A.V., (2018). "Characterisation and Py-GC/MS analysis of Imperata Cylindrica as potential biomass for bio-oil production in Brunei Darussalam," J. Anal. and Appl. Pyrolysis, 134, 510–519.
33. Reza, M.S., Yun, C.S., Afroze, S., Radenahmad, N., Bakar, M.S.A., Saidur, R., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A.K., (2020). "Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its’ applications in water and gas purification, a review," Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27 (1), 208–238.
34. Parr, J.F., and Sullivan, L.A., (2005). "Soil carbon sequestration in phytoliths," Soil Biol. Biochem., 37 (1), 117–124.
35. Schnitzer, M.I., Monreal, C.M., Jandl, G., Leinweber, P., and Fransham, P.B., (2007). "The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure, biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS)", J. Environ. Sci. Health, 43 (1), 81-95.
36. Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, S., Adhikari, S., Ravindran, H., Gupta, R.B., Fasina, O., Tu, M., and Fernando, S.D., (2010). "Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor," Bioresour. Technol., 101 (21), 8389–8395.
37. Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Dou, X., Mohan, D., Sung, J.K., Yang, J.E., and Ok, Y.S., (2012). "Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water," Bioresour. Technol., 118, 536–544.
38. McKendry, P., (2002). "Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass," Bioresour. Technol., 83 (1), 37–46.
39. Budai, A., Wang, L., Gronli, M., Strand, L.T., Antal, M.J.J., Abiven, S., Dieguez-Alonso, A., Anca-Couce, A., and Rasse, D.P., (2014). "Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars : Effects of Production Temperature and Method," J. Agric. Food Chem., 62 (17), 3791–3799.
40. Stochero, N.P., Marangon, E., Nunes, A.S., and Tier, M.D., (2017). "Development of refractory ceramics from residual silica derived from rice husk ash and steel fibres," Ceram. Int., 43(16), 13875–13880.
41. Tiwari, S., and Pradhan, M.K., (2017). "Effect of rice husk ash on properties of aluminium alloys: A review," Materials Today: Proceedings, 4 (2), 486–495.
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Radenahmad, N., Reza, M. S., Abu Bakar, M. S., & Azad, A. K. (2020). Thermochemical Characterization of Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa Linn) for Power Generation. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 20(2), 184-195. Retrieved from https://dev.journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/9138
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.
Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.
