Biotechnological Biosuccinic acid (Bio-SA) production from green microalgae Chlorella sp. hydrolysate: Synergistic effect of agitation and substrate concentration assessment using RSM
Abstract
This paper evaluates the potential of Chlorella sp. microalgae biomass as a feedstock for biosuccinic acid (bio-SA) production via the fermentation process. In this study, the biomass was pretreated and hydrolyzed using a mild acid before being fermented with Actinobacillus succinogenes. The influence of the initial biomass concentration and agitation rate on bio-SA production during batch fermentation was evaluated using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design. The results of the study indicated that Chlorella sp. microalgae biomass contained various types of sugars, with glucose identified as the dominant reducing sugar in the Chlorella sp. hydrolysate. According to the RSM analysis, the study showed that changes in the initial biomass concentration and agitation rate could significantly affect bio-SA production from Chlorella sp. hydrolysate. The highest bio-SA concentration of 14.56 g/L with a yield of 0.62 g/g was achieved when fermentation was performed using 10% (w/v) biomass at 150 rpm. Therefore, this study suggests that Chlorella sp. hydrolysate can be an alternative and renewable feedstock for efficient bio-SA production.
References
Akhtar, J., and Idris, A., 2017. “Oil palm empty fruit bunches a promising substrate for succinic acid production via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.” Renewable Energy 114, 917-923.
Akhtar, J., Hassan, N., Idris, A., and Ngadiman, N. H. A., 2020. “Optimization of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process conditions for the production of succinic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches.” J. Wood Chem. Technol. 40(2), 136-145.
Behera, S. S., Ray, R. C., Das, U., Panda, S. K., & Saranraj, P., 2019. “Microorganisms in fermentation.” Essentials in Fermentation Technology, 1–39.
Bai, B., Zhou, J. M., Yang, M. H., Liu, Y. L., Xu, X. H., and Xing, J. M., 2015. “Efficient production of succinic acid from macroalgae hydrolysate by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli." Bioresour. Technol. 185, 56-61.
Bevilaqua, D. B., Montipó, S., Pedroso, G. B., and Martins, A. F., 2015. “Sustainable succinic acid production from rice husks.” Sustainable Chem. Pharm. 1, 9-13.
Carvalho, M., Roca, C., and Reis, M. A., 2014. “Carob pod water extracts as feedstock for succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z.” Bioresour. Technol. 170, 491-498.
Chen, P., Tao, S., and Zheng, P., 2016. “Efficient and repeated production of succinic acid by turning sugarcane bagasse into sugar and support.” Bioresour. Technol. 211, 406-413.
Dąbkowska, K., Alvarado-Morales, M., Kuglarz, M., and Angelidaki, I., 2019. “Miscanthus straw as substrate for biosuccinic acid production: Focusing on pretreatment and downstream processing.” Bioresour. Technol. 278, 82-91.
Delhomme, C., Weuster-Botz, D., and Kühn, F. E., 2009. “Succinic acid from renewable resources as a C 4 building-block chemical—a review of the catalytic possibilities in aqueous media.” Green Chemistry 11(1), 13-26.
Dessie, W., Zhang, W., Xin, F., Dong, W., Zhang, M., Ma, J., and Jiang, M., 2018. “Succinic acid production from fruit and vegetable wastes hydrolyzed by on-site enzyme mixtures through solid state fermentation.” Bioresour. Technol. 247, 1177-1180.
Escanciano, I.A., Santos, V.E., Blanco, A., and Ladero, M., 2023. “Bioproduction of succinic acid from potato waste. Kinetic modeling.” Ind. Crops Prod. 23 (1), 117124
Gunnarsson, I. B., Karakashev, D., and Angelidaki, I., 2014. “Succinic acid production by fermentation of Jerusalem artichoke tuber hydrolysate with Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z.” Ind. Crops Prod. 62, 125-129.
Hariz, H.B., Zaidi, S.A.S., Luthfi. A.A.I., Bukhari, N.A., Sajab, M.S., Markom, M., Harun, S., Jian-Ping, T., Gong-Tao, D., Abdul, P.M., 2023. “Succinic acid production from oil palm biomass: A prospective plastic pollution solution.” Fermentation 9(46), 1-25.
Isar, J., Agarwal, L., Saran, S., and Saxena, R. K., 2006. “Succinic acid production from Bacteroides fragilis: Process optimization and scale up in a bioreactor.” Anaerobe 12(5-6), 231-237.
Jampatesh, S., Sawisit, A., Wong, N., Jantama, S. S., and Jantama, K., 2019. “Evaluation of inhibitory effect and feasible utilization of dilute acid-pretreated rice straws on succinate production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli AS1600a.” Bioresour. Technol 273, 93-102.
Alcantara, J.Z. and Mondala, A.H., 2021. “Optimization of slurry fermentation for succinic acid production by fungal co-culture.” Chemical Engineering Transaction 86, 1525-1530.
Jokodola, E. O., Narisetty, V., Castro, E., Durgapal, S., Coulon, F., Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Banu, J.R., Kumar, G., and Kumar, V., 2022. “Process optimisation for production and recovery of succinic acid using xylose-rich hydrolysates by Actinobacillus succinogenes. Bioresour. Technol. 344, 126224.
Kassim, M. A., Hussin, A. H., Meng, T. K., Kamaludin, R., Zaki, M. S. I. M., and Zakaria, W. Z. E. W., 2022. “Valorisation of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind waste into bioethanol: An optimization and kinetic studies.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 2545–2558
Kassim, M. A., Kheang, L. S., Bakar, N. A., Aziz, A. A., and Som, R. M., 2011. “Biothanol production from enzymatically saccharified empty fruit bunches hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.” Res. J. Environ. Sci. 5(6), 573.
Khan, M. I., Shin, J. H., and Kim, J. D., 2018. “The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products.” Microb. Cell Fact. 17(1), 1-21.
Kuglarz, M., and Angelidaki, I., 2023. “Succinic Production from source-separated kitchen biowaste in a biorefinery concept: Focusing on alternative carbon dioxide source for fermentation processes.” Fermentation 9(3), 259.
Kumar, R., Basak, B., and Jeon, B. H., 2020. “Sustainable production and purification of succinic acid: A review of membrane-integrated green approach.” J. Cleaner Prod. 277, 123954.
Lee, J. S., Lin, C. J., Lee, W. C., Teng, H. Y., and Chuang, M. H., 2022. “Production of succinic acid through the fermentation of Actinobacillus succinogenes on the hydrolysate of Napier grass.” Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod. 15, 9.
Li, Q., Siles, J. A., and Thompson, I. P., 2010. “Succinic acid production from orange peel and wheat straw by batch fermentations of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 88, 671-678.
Loh, S. K., Kassim, M. A., and Bukhari, N. A., 2018. “Optimisation of process conditions for ethanol production from enzymatically saccharified empty fruit bunch using response surface methodology (RSM).” J. Oil Palm Res. 30 (4), 641-654.
Muregi, M. A., Abolarin, M. S., OKEGBILE, O. J., Eterigho, E. J., and Okokpujie, I. P., 2021). Emission comparison of air-fuel mixtures for pure gasoline and bioethanol Fuel blend (E20) combustion on sparking-ignition.” Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology 5(1), 2682-5317.
Oh, I. J., Kim, D. H., Oh, E. K., Lee, S., and Lee, J., 2009. “Optimization and scale-up of succinic acid production by Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7." J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19(2), 167-171.
Omwene, P. I., Yağcıoğlu, M., Öcal-Sarihan, Z. B., Ertan, F., Keris-Sen, Ü. D., Karagunduz, A., and Keskinler, B., 2021. “Batch fermentation of succinic acid from cheese whey by Actinobacillus succinogenes under variant medium composition.” 3 Biotech 11, 1-10.
Pasma, S. A., Daik, R., and Maskat, M. Y., 2013. “Production of succinic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose using Actinobacillus succinogenes.” AIP Conf. Proc. 1571 (1), 753-759).
Patsalou, M., Chrysargyris, A., Tzortzakis, N., and Koutinas, M., 2020. “A biorefinery for conversion of citrus peel waste into essential oils, pectin, fertilizer and succinic acid via different fermentation strategies.” Waste Management 113, 469-477.
Phuengjayaem, S., and Teeradakorn, S., 2016. “Producing succinic acid with Actinobacillus succinogenes: optimizing the composition of the medium using Plackett–Burman design.” CMU J. Nat. Sci., 15, 253-64.
Putri, D. N., Pratiwi, S. F., Perdani, M. S., Rosarina, D., Utami, T. S., Sahlan, M., and Hermansyah, H., 2023. “Utilizing rice straw and sugarcane bagasse as low-cost feedstocks towards sustainable production of succinic acid.” Sci. Total Environ. 862, 160719.
Raj, M., Devi, T., Kumar, V., Mishra, P., Upadhyay, S. K., Yadav, M., Sharma, A. K., Sehrawat, N., Kumar, S., and Singh, M., 2023. “Succinic acid: Applications and microbial production using organic wastes as low cost substrates.” Physical Sciences Reviews, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0160
Rodmui, A., Kongkiattikajorn, J., and Dandusitapun, Y., 2008. “Optimization of agitation conditions for maximum ethanol production by coculture.” Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 42, 285-293.
Sawisit, A., Jampatesh, S., Jantama, S. S., and Jantama, K., 2018. “Optimization of sodium hydroxide pretreatment and enzyme loading for efficient hydrolysis of rice straw to improve succinate production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli KJ122 under simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.” Bioresour. Technol. 260, 348-356.
Saxena, R. K., Saran, S., Isar, J., and Kaushik, R., 2017. “Production and applications of succinic acid.” In Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering (pp. 601-630). Elsevier.
Shen, N., Zhang, H., Qin, Y., Wang, Q., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Jing, M.G., and Huang, R., 2018. “Efficient production of succinic acid from duckweed (Landoltia punctata) hydrolysate by Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137.” Bioresour. Technol. 250, 35-42.
Shupe, A. M., and Liu, S., 2012. “Effect of agitation rate on ethanol production from sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis.” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 168, 29-36.
Terboven, C., Abendroth, C., Laumer, J., Herrmann, C., Schneider, R., Ramm, P., Venus, J., and Plöchl, M., 2021. “Influence of the initial sugar concentration and supplementation with yeast extract on succinic acid fermentation in a lactose-based medium.” Fermentation, 7(4), 221.
Wang, C. C., Zhu, L. W., Li, H. M., and Tang, Y. J., 2012. “Performance analyses of a neutralizing agent combination strategy for the production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes ATCC 55618.” Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 35, 659-664.
Zheng, P., Dong, J. J., Sun, Z. H., Ni, Y., and Fang, L., 2009. “Fermentative production of succinic acid from straw hydrolysate by Actinobacillus succinogenes.” Bioresour. Technol. 100(8), 2425-2429.
Copyright (c) 2024 ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.
Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.