THE PORTRAYAL OF FEMALE VILLAINS: A REPRESENTATION STUDY ON CRUELLA

https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v11i2.94900

Livia Traesar(1*), Nur Saktiningrum(2)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The portrayal of female villains in media and movies has evolved significantly, as evidenced through the lens of Stuart Hall's representation theory and film analysis concepts. Traditionally confined to one-dimensional roles perpetuating gender stereotypes, contemporary cinema showcases multi-dimensional characters like those in Cruella, challenging societal norms and defying traditional gender expectations. By employing narrative and non-narrative film analysis techniques, these characters are revealed as agents of subversion and empowerment, embodying a new archetype of female villains characterized by individual agency and autonomy. However, despite this progress, the lingering impact of gender stereotypes persists, influencing how female villains are depicted on screen. Thus, ongoing critical analysis and advocacy for more diverse and authentic representations of women in media remain crucial.


Keywords


female villain; film analysis; gender stereotype; portrayal of female antagonists; representation

Full Text:

PDF


References

Adi, I. R. (2016). Fiksi Populer: Teori & Metode Kajian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Ashley Bispo, Fairytale Dreams: Disney Princesses’ Effect on Young Girls’ Self-Images, 2015.

Baker K, Raney AA. (2007). Equally super? Gender-role stereotyping of superheroes in children's animated programs. Mass Commun. Soc. 10:25–41

Beverly, John, and Marc Zimmerman. (1990). “Literature, Ideology, and Hegemony.” Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 1 - 28.

Charmaz, K. (2007). The Sage handbook of grounded theory. London: Sage Publications.

Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. University of California Press.

Coyne SM, Linder JR, Rasmussen EE, Nelson DA, Collier KM. (2014). It's a bird! It's a plane! It's a gender stereotype! Longitudinal associations between superhero viewing and gender stereotyped play. Sex Roles 70:416–30

Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 3rd ed, California: Sage. Print

De Lauretis, T. (1984). Alice doesn't. Feminism. Semiotics. Cinema. Indiana University Press.

Dyer, B. (2018). The Representation of Female Characters in the Academy Award Winners for Best Picture of the Year. Associate Dean University Honors College.

Giannetti, Louis, (2011). Understanding Movies, 9 Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. Harper and Row Publishers, Inc.

Gross, B. (1994). Bitch. Salmagundi, (103), 146-156.

Hall, S., Evans, J., & Nixon, S. (Ed.). (2013). Representation (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Hall, Stuart. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Scotland, Great Britain: Scotprint Ltd.

Hentschel, T., Heilman, M. E., & Peus, C. V. (2019). The Multiple Dimensions of Gender Stereotypes: A Current Look at Men's and Women's Characterizations of Others and Themselves. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011

Kokoroski, Karin, (2012).“'I want more!': The Insatiable Villain in Children’s Literature and Young Adult Fiction.” Villains and Heroes, or Villains as Heroes? : Essays on the Relationship between Villainy and Evil, Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 25 – 38.

Kraft, R.N. The influence of camera angle on comprehension and retention of pictorial events. Memory & Cognition 15, 291–307 (1987). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197032

Leaper C, Breed L, Hoffman L, Perlman CA. 2002. Variations in the gender stereotyped content of children's television cartoons across genres. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 32:1653–62

Mooney, D. (2021, June 4). Cruella de Vil Needs No Introduction, and Certainly No Explanation. The Escapist. https://www.escapistmagazine.com/cruella-de-vil- needs-no-introduction-and-certainly-no-explanation/

Mulvey, L. (1975) ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’, Screen, 16(3), pp. 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6.

Pollock, L. (1989). ‘Teach her to live under obedience’: the making of women in the upper ranks of early modern England. Continuity and Change, 4, pp 231-258. doi:10.1017/S0268416000003672

Rowe J. C. (2000). Post-nationalist american studies. University of California Press. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520224384.001.0001.

Smith SL, Choueiti M, Prescott A, Pieper KM. (2013). Gender roles and occupations: a look at character attributes and job-related aspirations in film and television. Rep., Geena Davis Inst. Gend. Media, Mount Saint Mary's Univ., Los Angeles, CA. https://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf

Social Psychology Quarterly , SEPTEMBER 2018, Vol. 81, No. 3 (SEPTEMBER 2018), pp. 228-247.

Solomon, Charles. (1995), The Disney That Never Was: The Stories and Art of Five Decades of Unproduced Animation. Disney Editions.

Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. 1979. ‘‘An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.’’ Pp. 33–47 in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by W. Austin and S. Worchel. Monterey: Brooks-Cole. Gamson, William. 1992. Talking Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press

Walsh A, Leaper C. (2020). A content analysis of gender representations in preschool children's television. Mass Commun. Soc. 23:331-55.

West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v11i2.94900

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 262 | views : 220

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indexed by:

   Crossref Google Scholar JournalStories Main logo  OAI logo  

View My Stats

ISSN & E-ISSN