SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DEMI-MONDAINE AND NYAI IN FRENCH AND INDONESIAN NOVELS
Arifah Arum Candra Hayuningsih(1*)
(1) University of Amsterdam
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
One of the interesting themes but not widely featured in Indonesian and French literatures in the 19th and 20th centuries is nyai and demi-mondaine. Both have a similar meaning, namely the mistress of a man from the upper-middle class. This study looks at the exclusions that occur in the lives of nyai and demi-mondaine in an Indonesian novel titled Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and a French novel titled La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas (philosophers). The analysis was carried out using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis approach to examine the exclusion process in the two novels, which describes the realities that occur in society. This study found that the mistresses are excluded primarily through labeling and stereotyping. Despite the exclusion from the discourse of ‘honor’ in society, the mistresses find their own way of surviving in a society that does not like them.
Salah satu tema menarik namun tidak banyak ditampilkan dalam karya sastra Indonesia dan Prancis di abad 19 dan 20 adalah kehidupan nyai dan demi-monde. Keduanya memiliki pengertian yang hampir serupa, yakni perempuan simpanan dari seorang laki-laki kelas menengah ke atas. Sikap masyarakat yang cenderung merendahkan mereka dapat dipandang sebagai proses eksklusi. Penelitian ini menelusuri bagaimana ekslusi yang terjadi dalam kehidupan nyai dan courtesan di Indonesia dan Prancis seperti yang ada pada novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan novel La Dame aux Camélias karya Alexandre Dumas (fils). Analisis dilakukan dengan metode analisis wacana kritis dari Fairclough untuk melihat proses eksklusi di kedua novel tersebut, yang merupakan gambaran dari realita yang terjadi di masyarakat. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa proses eksklusi paling banyak terjadi melalui labelling dan stereotyping. Meski demikian, para perempuan simpanan yang mengalami eksklusi dari wacana ‘kehormatan’ di masyarakat memiliki cara sendiri untuk bertahan di tengah masyarakat yang tidak menyukai mereka.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abbot, E. (2013). Wanita Simpanan: Kontroversi Selingkuhan Tokoh-Tokoh Dunia, dari Orang
Suci hingga Politisi, dari Zaman Kuno hingga Era Kini (A. Soemarni, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Pustaka
Alvabet. Carlson, M. (1972). Montigny, Laube, Robertson: The Early Realists. Educational Theatre Journal, 24(3), 227–236.
Chivas-Baron, C. (1929). La femme française aux colonier. Paris: Larose.
Coar, L. (2012). Sugar and Spice and All Things Nice: The Victorian Woman’s All-Consuming Predicament. Victorian Network, 4(1).
Cribb, R., & Cahin, A. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia (Second). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
Cyzba, L. (1984). Paris et la Lorette. In Paris au XIXe siècle. Aspect d’un mythe littéraire. Lyon: PUF de Lyon.
Dumas, A. (2000). Filles, lorettes et courtisanes (4th ed.). Paris: Flammarion.
Dumas fils, A. (1890). À Propos de La Dame aux Camélias. Théâtre Complet, 1.
Dumas fils, A. (1975). La Dame aux camélias. Paris: Livre du Poche.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Finn, M. R. (1974). Proust and Dumas fils: Odette and La Dame aux camellias. The French Review, 47(3), 528–542.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge. New York: Pantheon.
Giusti, E. L. (2014). The Renaissance Courtesan in Words, Letters and Images. Milano: Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto.
Gogwilt, C. (2007). The Vanishing Genre of the Nyai Narrative: Reading Genealogies of English and Indonesian Modernism. Comparative Literature Studies, 44(3), 409–443.
Hellwig, T. (2001). Asian Women in the Lives of Dutch Tea Planters: Two Narratives from West Jawa. Indonesia and the Malay World, 29(85), 161–179.
Issartel, C. (1981). Les Dames aux camélias: De l’histoire à la legende. Paris: Chêne-Hachette.
Le Clère, M. (1995). Demi-Mondaines. In Dictionnaire du Second Empire. Paris: Fayard.
Lintz, B. C. (2008). (Re)Writing a Classic: La Dame aux Camélias and Manon Lescaut. Dalhousie French Studies, 83, 25–41.
Milone, P. D. (1967). Indische Culture, and Its Relationship to Urban Life. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9(4), 407–426.
Mogador, C. (2001). Memoirs of a Courtesan in Nineteenthcentury Paris. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press.
Stoler, A. L. (1989). Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th-Century Colonial Cultures. American Ethnologist, 16(4), 634–660.
Taylor, J. G. (2009). The Social World of Batavia, Europeand and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia (Second). Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Toer, P. A. (1980). Bumi Manusia. Jakarta: Lentera Dipantara.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v9i2.61094
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2264 | views : 1754Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Poetika : Jurnal Ilmu Sastra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.