Mempertimbangkan Kembali Program Eliminasi Malaria 2030 dalam Konteks Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/jkki.v6i4.9235

Kristian Wongso Giamto(1*)

(1) Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah dr. Chasan Busoirie, Ternate, Maluku Utara, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Background: Malaria is one of high burden infectious diseases for tropical-subtropical areas worldwide, such as Indonesia, especially in the eastern Indonesia. Malaria eradication once failed in late 1960s, now re-emerge after a commitment statement of Bill Gates in 2007. Now, Indonesia also targeting malaria elimination in 2030. Objective: To determine the feasibility of Malaria Elimination Program 2030, especially in Indonesia with existing modalities to combat malaria. Methods: This paper uses data, ranging 2000-2016, which selected from MEDLINE journal portal and other sources, which found to be relevant with topics, yet reliable. Results and Discussion: Malaria eradication can not be equalized to smallpox's, which has characteristics those very supportive in putting it to be eradicated (such as no subclinical infection and do not involve vector). Until now, issues of fake antimalarial drugs, forest malaria, financing commitment and healthcare service in rural parts of Indonesia remain unanswered and managed optimally. It also appears that medical advances can not contribute optimally without being supported by strategic policies. Conclusion and Suggestions: With existing modalities and situation, malaria control still difficult to be achieved in Indonesia. This will cause malaria eradication program in 2030 as less realistic target. Malaria eradication as a target may be worth to be reconsidered. Malaria control as target may be a more realistic alternative. More advanced studies regarding obstacles in managing malaria in Indonesia and its solutions are mandatory.

 


Keywords


Elimination program, Global eradication program; Indonesia; Malaria

Full Text:

PDF


References

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill and Melinda Gates Call for New Global Commitment to Chart a Course for Malaria Eradication [Internet]. 2007 [cited 15 January 2016]. Available from: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2007/10/Chart-a-Course-for-Malaria-Eradication

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Melinda French Gates - Malaria Forum [Internet]. 2007 [cited 15 January 2016]. Available from: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/speeches/2007/10/melinda-french-gates-malaria-forum

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd ed. Italy: World Health Organization; 2015.

Cliff A, Smallman-Raynor M. Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.

Hotez P, Remme J, Buss P, Alleyne G, Morel C, Breman J. Combating Tropical Infectious Diseases: Report of the Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Project. Clinical Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2004 [cited 15 January 2016];38(6):871-878. Available from: http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/6/871.full

Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Nomor 293/MENKES/SK/IV/2009. Jakarta; 2009.

World malaria report 2014. Swiss: World Health Organization; 2014.

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Pusat Promosi Kesehatan. Buku Rencana Operasional Promosi Kesehatan untuk Eliminasi Malaria. Jakarta; 2010.

Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Manajemen Malaria. Jakarta; 2014.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Jakarta; 2013.

Mendis K, Rietveld A, Warsame M, Bosman A, Greenwood B, Wernsdorfer W. From malaria control to eradication: The WHO perspective. Tropical Medicine & International Health [Internet]. 2009 [cited 15 January 2016];14(7):802-809. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02287.x

The world health report 1999 - making a difference. Prancis: World Health Organization; 2000.

Elyazar I, Hay S, Baird J. Malaria Distribution, Prevalence, Drug Resistance and Control in Indonesia. Advances in Parasitology Volume 74 [Internet]. 2011 [cited 15 January 2016];74:41-175. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21295677/

[ Arita I, Wickett J, Nakane M. Eradication of infectious diseases: its concept, then and now. Jpn J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2004;57:1-6. Available from: http://www0.nih.go.jp/JJID/57/1.pdf

Hall B, Hall J, Sauer G. Sauer's manual of skin diseases. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.

Aylward B, Hennessey K, Olivé J, Cochi S, Zagaria N. When is a disease eradicable? 100 years of lessons learned. Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 15 January 2016];90(10):1515–1520. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446384/pdf/11029980.pdf

Narain J. Eradicating and eliminating infectious diseases: Past, Present and Future. Indian Journal of Public Health [Internet]. 2011 [cited 15 January 2016];55(2):81. Available from: http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2011;volume=55;issue=2;spage=81;epage=87;aulast=Narain

Bousema T, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 January 2016];12(12):833-840. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v12/n12/full/nrmicro3364.html

Lindblade K, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, Kachur S, Slutsker L. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy [Internet]. 2013 [cited 15 January 2016];11(6):623-639. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/eri.13.45

Thanh P, Van Hong N, Van Van N, Van Malderen C, Obsomer V, Rosanas-Urgell A et al. Epidemiology of forest malaria in Central Vietnam: the hidden parasite reservoir. Malar J [Internet]. 2015 [cited 15 January 2016];14(1):86. Available from: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/14/1/86

Miller L, Pierce S. Perspective on Malaria Eradication: Is Eradication Possible without Modifying the Mosquito?. J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2009 [cited 15 January 2016];200(11):1644-1645. Available from: http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/200/11/1644.full

Walker T, Moreira L. Can Wolbachia be used to control malaria?. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz [Internet]. 2011 [cited 15 January 2016];106:212-217. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762011000900026&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Smith K. Smallpox: can we still learn from the journey to eradication?. Indian J Med Res [Internet]. 2013 [cited 15 January 2016];137(5):895-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23760373/

Tonna I. Is vaccination the only option for possible global malaria eradication?. Malta Medical Journal [Internet]. 2006 [cited 15 January 2016];18(2):6-10. Available from: http://www.um.edu.mt/umms/mmj/PDF/134.pdf

Thera M, Plowe C. Vaccines for Malaria: How Close Are We?. Annual Review of Medicine [Internet]. 2012 [cited 15 January 2016];63(1):345-357. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338248/Flight C. Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge. BBC - History [Internet]. 2011 [cited 17 January 2016];. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml

Ashley E, Dhorda M, Fairhurst R, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S et al. Spread of Artemisinin Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 January 2016];371(5):411-423. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25075834/

Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Malar J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 January 2016];13(1):209. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24888370/

Newton P, Proux S, Green M, Smithuis F, Rozendaal J, Prakongpan S et al. Fake artesunate in southeast Asia. The Lancet [Internet]. 2001 [cited 15 January 2016];357(9272):1948-1950. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)05085-6/abstract

Dondorp A, Newton P, Mayxay M, Van Damme W, Smithuis F, Yeung S et al. Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control: multinational cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials. Trop Med Int Health [Internet]. 2004 [cited 15 January 2016];9(12):1241-1246. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01342.x/abstract

Nayyar G, Breman J, Newton P, Herrington J. Poor-quality antimalarial drugs in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2012 [cited 29 January 2016];12(6):488-496. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70064-6/abstract

Aria P. Peredaran Obat Ilegal Melonjak 1.000 Persen. Tempo [Internet]. 2014 [cited 16 January 2016];. Available from: http://nasional.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/20/173579091/peredaran-obat-ilegal-melonjak-1-000-persen

Yong Y, Plancon A, Lau Y, Hostetler D, Fernandez F, Green M et al. Collaborative Health and Enforcement Operations on the Quality of Antimalarials and Antibiotics in Southeast Asia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene [Internet]. 2015 [cited 15 January 2016];92(6 Suppl):105-112. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25897069/

Amirullah. Dinas Kesehatan: Tak Ada Obat Palsu di Puskesmas. Tempo [Internet]. 2014 [cited 16 January 2016];. Available from: http://metro.tempo.co/read/news/2014/06/24/064587558/dinas-kesehatan-tak-ada-obat-palsu-di-puskesmas

World Health Organization. Report of The Situation of Counterfeit Medicines based on Data Collection Tool: WHO Regions for Africa and Eastern Mediterranean [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2010 p. 3. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/services/expertcommittees/pharmprep/WHO-ACM-3IMPACTSurveyDataCollectionToolReport.pdf

Syarifah F. Kemkes Kembangkan Obat Malaria. Liputan 6 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 16 January 2016];. Available from: http://health.liputan6.com/read/2318742/kemkes-kembangkan-obat-malaria?page=2

Yeung S, Lawford H, Tabernero P, Nguon C, van Wyk A, Malik N et al. Quality of Antimalarials at the Epicenter of Antimalarial Drug Resistance: Results from an Overt and Mystery Client Survey in Cambodia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene [Internet]. 2015 [cited 15 January 2016];92(6 Suppl):39-50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25897063/

Newton P, McGready R, Fernandez F, Green M, Sunjio M, Bruneton C et al. Manslaughter by Fake Artesunate in Asia—Will Africa Be Next?. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2006 [cited 15 January 2016];3(6):e197. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475657/

Kar N, Kumar A, Singh O, Carlton J, Nanda N. A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems. Parasites & Vectors [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 January 2016];7(1):265. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24912923/

White N. Malaria. In: Cook G, Zumla A, ed. by. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2016. p. 1202-4.

Cohen J, Smith D, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot O et al. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J [Internet]. 2012 [cited 15 January 2016];11(1):122. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22531245/

Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi. Daerah Tertinggal [Internet]. Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi. [cited 16 January 2016]. Available from: http://kemendesa.go.id/hal/300027/183-kab-daerah-tertinggal

Susanto G. Bu Menkes, Papua Juga Kehabisan Obat Malaria, Nih!. Liputan 6 [Internet]. 2013 [cited 16 January 2016];. Available from: http://health.liputan6.com/read/698678/bu-menkes-papua-juga-kehabisan-obat-malaria-nih



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jkki.v6i4.9235

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2445 | views : 10345

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia : JKKI [ISSN 2089 2624 (print); ISSN 2620 4703 (online)] is published by Center for Health Policy and Management (CHPM). This website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Built on the Public Knowledge Project's OJS 2.4.8.1.
 Web
Analytics View My Stats