Pengaruh program multi-exercise terhadap fungsi kognitif pada lansia overweight dan tidak overweight

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64759

Tri Mei Khasana(1*), Ari Tri Astuti(2)

(1) Program Studi Gizi Program Sarjana, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta
(2) Program Studi Gizi Program Sarjana, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The effect of the multi-exercise program on cognitive function in overweight and non-overweight elderly

Background: Cognitive function is the factor that determines the disability of the elderly to live a healthy and independent life. The results of studies regarding the protective effect or detrimental effects of overweight or obesity on cognitive function in the elderly are still controversial.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the multi-exercise program on cognitive function in the elderly based on nutritional status.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-postest design study involved 37 elderly aged 60-74 years. Body mass index (BMI) derived from the measurement of body weight and height were grouped into overweight and not-overweight. Both groups received a multi-exercise in the form of gymnastic exercise (30 minutes), square stepping exercise (30 minutes), and puzzle games (30 minutes). The intervention was given 12 times with a frequency of 3 times per week. Cognitive function was measured by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire. Data analysis used paired sample t-test and independent t-test.

Results: The multi-exercise program intervention given affected improving cognitive function in the overweight elderly group (p=0.003). However, it is different from the non-overweight elderly group who did not show a significant effect of the multi-exercise program on the cognitive function (p=0.184) even though there was an increase in the mean cognitive function at the end of the intervention.

Conclusions: Multi-exercise program intervention for 4 weeks with a frequency of three times per week can improve the cognitive function of the elderly, but statistically only significant in the overweight elderly group.


Keywords


cognitive; elderly; exercise; overweight; square stepping exercise

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Kemenkes RI. Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2013. Jakarta: Kemenkes; 2013.
  2. Kemenkes RI. Situasi lanjut usia (lansia) di Indonesia. [series online] 2016 [cited 8 Oktober 2017]. Available from: URL: http://www.pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/Infodatin-lansia-2016.pdf.
  3. Badan Pusat Statistik. Indikator strategis menurut provinsi tahun 2018. [series online] 2019 [cited 7 Agustus 2019]. Available from: URL: https://www.bps.go.id/QuickMap?id=0000000000
  4. Han TS, Tajar A, Lean ME. Obesity and weight management in the elderly. Br Med Bull. 2011;97:169-96. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldr002
  5. Sudja MFA. Hubungan antara konsumsi tempe dan tahu dengan fungsi kognitif lanjut usia. [Disertasi]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2009.
  6. Fritz NE, McCarthy CJ, Adamo DE. Handgrip strength as a means of monitoring progression of cognitive decline - A scoping review. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;35:112-123. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.004
  7. Kemenkes RI. Menkes: lansia yang sehat, lansia yang jauh dari demensia. [series online] 2016 [cited 7 Agustus 2019]. Available from: URL: http://www.depkes.go.id/article/print/16031000003/menkes-lansia-yang-sehat-lansia-yang-jauh-dari-demensia.html
  8. Turana Y. Stimulasi otak pada kelompok lansia di komunitas. Dalam: Gambaran kesehatan lanjut usia di Indonesia. [series online] 2013 [cited 8 Oktober 2016]. Available from: URL: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/buletin/buletin-lansia.pdf.
  9. Jia RX, Liang JH, Xu Y, Wang YQ. Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):181. doi: 10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2
  10. Montero-Odasso M, Almeida QJ, Burhan AM, Camicioli R, Doyon J, Bherer L, et al. SYNERGIC TRIAL (SYNchronizing Exercises, Remedies in Gait and Cognition) a multi-Centre randomized controlled double blind trial to improve gait and cognition in mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Apr 16;18(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0782-7
  11. Gregory MA, Gill DP, Shellington EM, Liu-Ambrose T, Shigematsu R, Petrella RJ, et al. Group-based exercise and cognitive-physical training in older adults with self-reported cognitive complaints: The Multiple-Modality, Mind-Motor (M4) study protocol. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:17. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0190-9
  12. Vaughan S, Morris N, Shum D, O'Dwyer S, Polit D. Study protocol: a randomised controlled trial of the effects of a multi-modal exercise program on cognition and physical functioning in older women. BMC Geriatr. 2012;12:60. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-60
  13. Carvalho A, Rea IM, Parimon T, Cusack BJ. Physical activity and cognitive function in individuals over 60 years of age: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:661-82. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S55520
  14. van Uffelen JG, Hopman-Rock M, Chin A Paw MJ, van Mechelen W. Protocol for Project FACT: a randomised controlled trial on the effect of a walking program and vitamin B supplementation on the rate of cognitive decline and psychosocial wellbeing in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatr. 2005;5:18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-5-18
  15. Fatmah. Gizi usia lanjut. Jakarta: Erlangga; 2010.
  16. Luchsinger JA, Gustafson DR. Adiposity and alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(1):15-21. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831c8c71
  17. Kim S, Kim Y, Park SM. Body mass index and decline of cognitive function. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148908. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148908
  18. Memel M, Bourassa K, Woolverton C, Sbarra DA. Body mass and physical activity uniquely predict change in cognition for aging adults. Ann Behav Med. 2016;50(3):397-408. doi: 10.1007/s12160-015-9768-2
  19. Qizilbash N, Gregson J, Johnson ME, Pearce N, Douglas I, Pocock SJ, et al. BMI and risk of dementia in two million people over two decades: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(6):431-6. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00033-9
  20. Mann J, Truswell SA. Essentials of human nutrition, fourth edition. (Alih Bahasa: Andry Hartono). Jakarta: EGC; 2014.
  21. Gregory MA, Gill DP, Petrella RJ. Brain health and exercise in older adults. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;12(4):256-71. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e31829a74fd
  22. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(2):125-30. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430
  23. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Sherwood A, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):239–52. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633
  24. Machado S, Filho A, Wilbert M, et al. Physical exercise as stabilizer for Alzheimer’s disease cognitive decline: current status. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2017;13(1):181-4. doi: 10.2174/1745017901713010181
  25. Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, et al. Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits. Front Psychol. 2018;9:509. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509
  26. Vaughan S, Wallis M, Polit D, Steele M, Shum D, Morris N. The effects of multimodal exercise on cognitive and physical functioning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older women: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2014;43(5):623-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu010
  27. Shigematsu R, Okura T, Sakai T, Rantanen T. Square-stepping exercise versus strength and balance training for fall risk factors. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20(1):19-24. doi: 10.1007/BF03324743
  28. Teixeira CVL, Gobbi S, Pereira JR, Vital TM, Hernandéz SSS, Gobbi LTB, et al. Effects of square-stepping exercise on cognitive functions of older people. Psychogeriatrics. 2013;13(3):148-56. doi: 10.1111/psyg.12017
  29. Shigematsu R, Okura T, Nakagaichi M, Nakata Y. Effects of exercise program requiring attention, memory and imitation on cognitive function in elderly persons: a non-randomized pilot study. J Gerontol Geriat Res. 2014;3:147. doi: 10.4172/2167-7182.1000147
  30. Saczynski JS, Pfeifer LA, Masaki K, Korf ES, Laurin D, White L, et al. The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(5):433-40. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj061
  31. Silva NCBS, Gill DP, Owen AM, Liu-Ambrose T, Hachinski V, Petrella RJ, et al. Cognitive changes following multiple-modality exercise and mind-motor training in older adults with subjective cognitive complaints: The M4 study. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0196356. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196356
  32. Sink KM, Espeland MA, Castro CM, Church T, Cohen R, LIFE Study Investigators, et al. Effect of a 24-month physical activity intervention vs health education on cognitive outcomes in sedentary older adults: The LIFE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2015;314(8):781-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9617
  33. Diehr P, Thielke S, O’Meara E, Fitzpatrick AE, Newman A. Comparing years of healthy life, measured in 16 ways, for normal weight and overweight older adults. J Obes. 2012;2012:894894. doi: 10.1155/2012/894894
  34. Suemoto CK, Gilsanz P, Mayeda ER, Glymour MM. Body mass index and cognitive function: the potential for reverse causation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(9):1383-9. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.83
  35. Oreopoulos A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sharma AM, Fonarow GC. The obesity paradox in the elderly: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(4):643-59. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.005
  36. Jia RX, Liang JH, Xu Y, Wang YQ. Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):181. doi: 10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64759

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2741 | views : 2663

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats