Email this article 
School reopening: Evidence-based recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57524 Raden Yuli Kristiyanto(1), Lily Chandra(2), Hermawan Hanjaya(3), Mohamad Saifuddin Hakim(4), Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra(5*)
(1) Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/RSUP Dr Sardjito Indonesia
(2) Bhayangkara Police Owned General Hospital, Kalasan-DI Yogyakarta
(3) Bhayangkara Police Owned General Hospital, Kalasan-DI Yogyakarta
(4) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(5) Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada / RSUP Dr Sardjito Indonesia Bhayangkara Police Owned General Hospital, Kalasan-DI Yogyakarta
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Since the first Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) case was reported, it has run amok and caused global changes. It has affected human lives in almost every aspect, including education. In response to COVID-19, governments and policy-makers decided to shift the educational activities into online learning and institute school closure. As of March 2020, many countries worldwide have implemented school closure, including Indonesia. Large scale social distancing and stay-at-home policies have begun to negatively impact society’s physical and mental health. As people start to adapt to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, policy-makers and the government need to consider how to reopen the schools and its system to keep students and staff safe. School reopening is an important step toward loosening the lockdown. Schools play a crucial role in preserving children's well-being. The objective of this review was to give a recommendation to facilitate school reopening. Research articles were gathered and assessed based on the themes of the articles. Forty articles were found reflecting SARS-CoV-2 and school reopening. Findings were adapted and modified according to Indonesian situations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Indonesia is currently preparing the first steps toward school reopening. For schools to be reopened, there are several health measurements that need to be considered. A good collaboration between various authorities and stakeholders is essential in school reopening so that children’s safety and disease mitigation strategies remain stable. This review presents insights and recommendations for every element involved in school safety including the government, schools, teachers, parents and students including what each needs to do to prepare in advance for the up-coming decision to reopen schools.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157-160. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
2. Eslami H, Jalili M. The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). AMB Express. 2020;10:92. doi:10.1186/s13568-020-01028-0
3. Kelvin AA, Halperin S. COVID-19 in children: the link in the transmission chain. Lancet. 2020;20:633-634. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30236-X
4. Van Lancker W, Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(5):e243-e244. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0
5. Morrison FJ, Kim MH, Connor CM, Grammer JK. The causal impact of schooling on children’s development: lessons for developmental science. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2019;28(5):441-449. doi:10.1177/0963721419855661
6. El Nokali NE, Bachman HJ, Votruba-Drzal E. Parent involvement and children’s academic and social development in elementary school. Child Dev. 2010;81(3):988-1005. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01447.x
7. Colao A, Piscitelli P, Pulimeno M, Colazzo S, Miani A, Giannini S. Rethinking the role of the school after COVID-19 closure. Lancet. 2020;(May 20):e370. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.Bizzarro
8. Sylva K. School influences on children’s development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994;35(1):135-170. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01135.x
9. AAP. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162592. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2592
10. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2020;14:20. doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
11. Saxena R, Saxena SK. Preparing children for pandemics. In: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Medical Virology: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control. ; 2020:187-198. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_15
12. Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;4:421.
13. Clemens V, Deschamps P, Fegert JM, et al. Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01549-w
14. Brooks SK, Smith LE, Webster RK, et al. The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(13). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000188
15. Patel JA, Nielsen FBH, Badiani AA, S. Assi VAU, Patel B. Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable. Public Health. 2020;183:110-111. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.006
16. Sanders R. ESSS Outline: COVID-19, low incomes and poverty. Iriss. 2020. internal-pdf://0466438917/Incomes-and-Poverty-in-Hamilton-Full-Report-April-2009.pdf LB - NAS%0Ahttp://www.sprc.hamilton.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/Incomes-and-Poverty-in-Hamilton-Full-Report-April-2009.pdf.
17. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020;4:e000701. doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
18. Engle PL, Black MM. The effect of poverty on child development and educational outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:243-256. doi:10.1196/annals.1425.023
19. Bayham J, Fenichel EP. Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(5):e271-e278. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30082-7
20. Cauchemez S, Valleron AJ, Boëlle PY, Flahault A, Ferguson NM. Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data. Nature. 2008;452:750-754. doi:10.1038/nature06732
21. Sadique MZ, Adams EJ, Edmunds WJ. Estimating the costs of school closure for mitigating an influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(135):1-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-135
22. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
23. Riccardo F, Andrianou X, Bella A, et al. Epidemia COVID-19: aggiornamento nazionale. Ist Super di Sanità. 2020;(24 Luglio 2020).
24. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science (80- ). 2020;368:489-493. doi:10.1126/science.abb3221
25. Passanisi S, Lombardo F, Salzano G, Pajno GB. Are children most of the submerged part of SARS-CoV-2 iceberg? Front Pediatr. 2020;8:213. doi:10.1038/srep19840
26. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0702
27. Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian pediatric intensive care units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1948
28. Souisa H. 26 Anak Indonesia yang Positif COVID-19 dan 160 Anak Berstatus PDP Meninggal Dunia. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/indonesian/2020-06-03/angka-kematian-anak-akibat-virus-corona-di-indonesia/12311500. Published 2020. Accessed July 23, 2020.
29. Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:334-346. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021680
30. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607-1608. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1
31. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1771-1778. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X
32. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395:1741-1743. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)31129-6
33. Jones TC, Mühlemann B, Veith T, et al. An analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral load by patient age. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.20125484
34. L’Huillier AG, Torriani G, Pigny F, Kaiser L, Eckerle I. Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic neonates, children and adolescents. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.20076778
35. Furukawa NW, Brooks JT, Sobel J. Evidence supporting transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 while presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):e1-e6. doi:10.3201/eid2607.201595
36. Huang L, Zhang X, Zhang X, et al. Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16-23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: a prospective contact-tracing study. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e1-e13. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.006
37. Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall M, et al. Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. Science (80- ). 2020;619:1-7. doi:10.1126/science.abb6936
38. Somsen GA, Rijn C van, Kooij S, Bem RA, Bonn D. Small droplet aerosols in poorly ventilated spaces and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Lancet. 2020;8(July):658-659. doi:10.1016/ S2213-2600(20)30245-9
39. Van-Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Dylan H. Morris. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2004973
40. Anderson EL, Turnham P, Griffin JR, Clarke CC. Consideration of the Aerosol Transmission for COVID-19 and Public Health. Risk Anal. 2020;40(5):902-907. doi:10.1111/risa.13500
41. Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. Aerosol Sci. 2009;40(2):122-133. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003
42. Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020:1-3. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117
43. Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y, et al. Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. 2020;582:557-560. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3
44. Santarpia JL, Rivera DN, Herrera VL, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.20039446
45. Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):473-480. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021
46. Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, et al. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):909-914. doi:10.1002/jmv.25795
47. Tang A, Tong Z, Wang H, et al. Detection of novel Coronavirus by RT-PCR in stool specimen from asymptomatic child, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1337-1339. doi:10.3201/eid2606.200301
48. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(18):1843-1844. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
49. Quilliam RS, Weidmann M, Moresco V, Purshouse H, O’Hara Z, Oliver DM. COVID-19: The environmental implications of shedding SARS-CoV-2 in human faeces. Environ Int. 2020;140:105790. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105790
50. Heavey L, Casey G, Kelly C, Kelly D, McDarby G. No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland, 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(21):1-4. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903
51. NCIRS NC for IR and S. COVID-19 in schools – the experience in NSW. NCIRS Rep. 2020;9(April):1-5.
52. Adamson T. 70 cases of COVID-19 at French schools days after re-opening. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/4d30d83645eeb1c3c76a4a9ff8ce788f. Published 2020. Accessed July 26, 2020.
53. Estrin D. After Reopening Schools, Israel Orders Them To Shut If COVID-19 Cases Are Discovered. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/03/868507524/israel-orders-schools-to-close-when-covid-19-cases-are-discovered. Published 2020. Accessed July 23, 2020.
54. Kadari-Ovadia S, Peleg B, Zikri A Ben. Nine Schools in Five Cities Closed in Israel After Pupils Contract COVID-19. Haaretz.
55. Jae-yeon W. New viral cluster feared to disrupt school reopening plan. Yonhap Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200528004000315. Published 2020. Accessed July 23, 2020.
56. Prem K, Liu Y, Russell TW, et al. The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5:e261-e270. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30073-6
57. Cazelles B, Champagne C, Dureau J. Accounting for non-stationarity in epidemiology by embedding time-varying parameters in stochastic models. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14(8):1-26. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006211
58. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Strategies for the surveillance of Covid-19. ECDC. 2020;(April):1-7.
59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Activities and Initiatives Supporting the COVID-19 Response and the President’s Plan for Opening America Up Again. CDC. 2020;(May):1-60. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/php/CDC-Activities-Initiatives-for-COVID-19-Response.pdf.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57524
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 4885
| 
views : 3858
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Community Empowerment for Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.