Cigarette smoking and duration of sun exposure as risk factor for cataract formation
Reinne Natali Christine(1*), Abigail Serapina(2), Gilbert Simanjuntak(3), Janes Fritz Tan(4)
(1) Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
(3) Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
(4) Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Cataract is the most common cause of vision loss in Indonesia. It involves many risk factors, such as age, trauma, persistent intra-ocular inflammation, ultraviolet radiation, diabetes mellitus, hypoparathyroidism, prolonged corticosteroid administration, and high body mass index. However, the role of smoking and sun exposure in cataracts has received less attention despite of the high number of cigarette smokers in Indonesia and this country also has strong sunshine all year round. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of cigarette smoking and duration of sun exposure with senile cataracts in Jakarta, Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study without knowing risk factor before. A total of 100 patients participated in this study selected with consecutive sampling technique. They were divided into two groups: first was the case group consisting of 50 subjects aged more than 40 years old and diagnosed with senile cataracts and the second was the control group consisting of subjects aged more than 40 years old without cataract disease. All participants had to complete the questionnaire related to the history of smoking and duration of outdoor activity per day as it related to sun exposure. The sample was taken from the eye screening program in Puskesmas Cawang, East Jakarta. This research discovered a relationship between cigarette smoking and duration of sun exposure more than seven hours per day with the incidence of senile cataract (p=0.001) Statistical tests also showed an association between smoking duration more than 20 years and incidence of senile cataract (OR 7.25, 95% CI: 1.43 - 36.6; p = 0.02). However, the results revealed that there was no relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day with the incidence of senile cataract (p = 0.915). Overall, cigarette smoking and its duration appear to increase the risk of senile cataract formation.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
- Das T, Ackland P, Correia M, Hanutsaha P, Mahipala P, Nukella PB, dkk. Is the 2015 eye care service delivery profile in Southest Asia closer to universal eye health. Int Ophthalmol. 2017;37(1):1–12.
- Barber S, Adioetomo SM, Ahsan A, Setyonaluri D. Tobacco economics in Indonesia: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Paris 2008;1;11-12.
- Chowdhury A, Choudhury A, Chakraborty S, Ghosh A, Banerjee V, Ganguly S, Bhaduri G. p-Benzoquinone-induced aggregation and perturbation of structure and chaperone function of α-crystallin is a causative factor of cigarette smoke-related cataractogenesis. Toxicology. 2018;394(1):11-18.
- Lindblad B, Håkansson N, Wolk A. Smoking cessation and the risk of cataract: a prospective cohort study of cataract extraction among men. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(3):253-257.
- Noviana A, Riyanti E, Widagdo L. Determinant factor of cigarette smoking in middle school in Semarang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2016;4(3):960-969.
- Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE, Meuer SM. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and the 10-year incidence of age-related cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:506–12.
- Tana L, Mihardja L, Rif’ati L. Smoking and age as risk factors of cataract in agriculture farmer aged 30 years and over. Universa Medicina.2007; 26:120-8.
- Khurana, AK. Diseases of the lens. In Comprehensive Ophthalmology. New Delhi: New Age International Limited Publsiher.2007:173-186
- Ye J, He J, Wang C, Wu H, Shi X,Xhang H et al. Smoking and risk of age related cataract: a meta analysis. 2012. 53(7) :3885- 93.
- James ER. The etiology of steroid cataract. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(5):403-20.
- Berthoud VM, Beyer EC. Oxidative stress, lens gap junctions, and cataracts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11(2): 339–353.
- Kisic B, Miric D, Zoric L, Illic A, Dragojevic I. Antioxidant capacity of lenses with age-related cataract. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012.
- Venkatesh R, Tan CS, Sengupta S, et al. Phacoemulsificaction versus small incision cataract surgery for white cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010;36(11):1849-54.
- Satyanarayana P,kumara R, Siri C, Kalyani P, Revathi M, Patro SR. Effect of chronic cigarette smoking on cataract. IOSR-JDMS.2013;8(5): 46-49.
- Truscott RJ: Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80(5):709-25. Review.
- Valero M, Fletcher A, Stavola B, Alepuz V. Years of sunlight exposure and cataract: a case-control study in a Mediterranean population. BMC Ophthalmol 2007:7(18):1-8
- Neale RE, Purdie JL, Hirst LW, Green AC: Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract. Epidemiology 2003;14(6):707-12.
- Saman, W. Is gender a risk factor for cataract. Galle Medical Journal 2008;13(1): 44-46.
- Zhang JS, Xu L, Wang YX, You QS, Wang JD, Jonas JB. Five-year incidence of age-related cataract and cataract surgery in the adult population of greater Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:711–718.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57464
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2038 | views : 2823Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Community Empowerment for Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.