* Corresponding Author
Use of Direct Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalysts via Vanadyl Hydrogen Phosphate Sesquihydrate Precursor
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88163 Jo Yee Kang(1), Loong Kong Leong(2*), Yeow Hong Yap(3), Thian Khok Yong(4)
(1) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(2) Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, Southern University College, PTD 64888, Jalan Selatan Utama, KM 15, Off, Skudai Lbh, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; Excelube Marketing Sdn. Bhd., F-3A-17, IOI Boulevard, Jalan Kenari 5, Bandar Puchong Jaya, Puchong, Selangor 47170, Malaysia
(3) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(4) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Four vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPO) catalysts were prepared via the sesquihydrate precursor route using direct microwave irradiation and reflux synthesis methods. The synthesis of the sesquihydrate precursor was carried out in 2 stages. The synthesized catalysts were denoted as VPOs-DD, VPOs-RR, VPOs-RD, and VPOs-DR; where VPOs represented VPO catalysts produced through sesquihydrate precursor, and D and R represented direct microwave irradiation and reflux synthesis methods, respectively. The direct microwave irradiation synthesis method was found to reduce the synthesis duration significantly for both stages of the precursor synthesis, from 48 to 4 h. An exclusive secondary configuration, akin to a needle-shaped form in chrysanthemums, is specifically noted in VPOs-DD could increase the specific surface area by 35.4% compared to the bulkier structure of VPOs catalyst produced via the conventional reflux synthesis method (VPOs-RR). Direct microwave irradiation could induce the removal of more than 4 times the total amount of oxygen atoms from the lattice of V4+ and V5+ phases, as compared to the conventional reflux method counterpart. This ultimately produced VPOs catalysts with greater catalytic performances and TON. In summary, employing direct microwave irradiation could generate VPOs catalysts with increased efficiency, improved activity and selectivity as compared to the conventional reflux method.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88163
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