Antibacterial Activity of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDSS) Loaded with Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.,) Peels against Baccilus subtitis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients

https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.58116

Liza Pratiwi(1*)

(1) Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medical, Tanjungpura University Pontianak
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Diabetic Foot Ulcer is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by open sores on the surface of the skin or mucous membranes as well as extensive dead tissue followed by bacterial invasion. Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer are resistant to some antibiotics so that alternative therapies such as potential traditional medicines involving mangosteen peels are being developed. Mangosteen peels contain compounds of phenolic, tannin, flavonoid, and xanton. To improve the stability of α-mangostin and improve bioavailability, it requires the preparation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS). This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial effect of optimal SNEDDS of ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus and to analyze the comparison of inhibition zone diameter between the optimal SNEDDS formula of the ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels and ethyl acetate fraction without SNEDDS against the bacteria. This study began with making 70% ethanol extract from mangosteen peels which was then fractionated to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction was made into optimal SNEDDS formula resulted of Design Expert software with Tween 80, PEG 400, and VCO. The optimal SNEDDS formula of the ethyl acetate fraction from the mangosteen peels was tested for its antibacterial effectiveness against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results revealed that SNEDDS loaded of ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels had antibacterial activity against both types of Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause diabetes ulcers, and that it did not have antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the tested SNEDDS loaded ethyl acetate fraction and ethyl acetate fraction without SNEDDS had strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. Meanwhile, they provided such a smaller inhibition zone as tested against Staphylococcus aureus that they had moderate antibacterial activity.

Keywords


Diabetic Foot Ulcer; mangosteen peels; SNEDDS; ethyl acetate fraction

Full Text:

PDF


References

Agistia, N., Muchtar, H. & Nasi, H., 2017, ‘Effectiveness of antibiotics in patients with diabetic foot ulcers’, Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis. 4(2), 43–48.

Agrawal, M., Agrawal, Y., Itankar, P., Patil, A., Vyas, J. & Kelkar, A., 2012, ‘Phytochemical and HPTLC studies of various extracts of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae)’, International Journal of PharmTech Research. 4, 364–368.

Alvi, J., Madan, D., Kaushik, S., Sardana, R.S., Pandey, A. & Ali., 2011, ‘Comparative study of transfersomes, liposomes, and niosomes for topical delivery of 5-fluorouracil to skin cancer cells: preparation characterization, in-vitro release, and cytotoxicity analysis’, Anticancer Drugs. 22, 774–782.

Aulia, F.N., 2008, ‘Aerobic germ pattern and diabetic gangrene sensitivity ’, Thesis, Medan: Repository FK USU.

Bennett, G. & Lee, H., 1989, ‘Xanthones from Guttiferae’, Phytochemistry, 28, 967–998.

Breuer, M.M., 1979, ‘The interaction between surfactants and keratinous tissues’, Journal of Cosmetic Science. 30, 41-64.

Chang, C., Hsu, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, W., Huang, C., et al., 2015, ‘Effects of combined extract of cocoa, coffee, green tea and garcinia on lipid profiles, glycaemic markers and inflammatory responses in hamsters’, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,15, 269.

Citron, D.M., Goldstein, E.J., Merriam, C.V., Lipsky, B.A. & Abramson, M.A., 2007, ‘Bacteriology of moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infections and in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents’, Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45, 2819–2828.

Cserhati, T., 1995, ‘Alkyl Ethoxylated and alkylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactants: Interaction with bioactive compounds and biological effects’, Environmental Health Perspect.103, 358-364.

Dai, X., Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Zhao, Y., Guo, Q., et al., 2015, ‘Antibacterial amphiphiles based on ε-polylysine: synthesis, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity’, RSC Advances. 5, 69325–69333.

Davis, W.W. & Stout, T.R. 1971, ‘Disc plate methods of microbiological antibiotic assay’, Microbiology, 22, 659-665.

Dean, J., 2009, Extraction Techniques In Analytical Science, London, John Wiley And Sons LTD, 43-46.

Decroli, E., Jazil, K., Asman, M., & Syafril, S., 2008, ‘Profile of Diabetic Ulcers in Patients in Internal Medicine Section Dr. M. Djamil Padang’, Indonesian Medical Magazine. 58 (1), 1–7.

Difco, 1977. Manual of dehydrated culture media and reagents for microbiology and clinical laboratory procedures (9th ed.), Detroit Michigan, Difco Laboratories.

Gupta, S., Chavhan, S., Sawant, K.K., 2011, ‘Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for adefovir dipivoxil: Design, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Colloids Sur’, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 392, 145–155.

Harborne, J.B., 1973, Phyto Chemical Method, Compmand and Hall London, 7-8, 49, 65, 70-72, 78, 88, 140, 156, 234.

Hareesh, V.S., Shashidhara., Anitha, S., & Rajesh, S., 2010, ‘Quantitative detection of reserpine in rauwolfia serpentina using HPTLC’, International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2, 87-89.

Hefni, A.R., Ibrahim., Attia, K., Moawad, M., et al., 2013, ‘Bacteriological study of diabetic foot infection in Egypt’, Journal of the Arab Society for Medical Research. 8, 26–32.

International Diabetes Federation, 2019, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition, https://diabete satlas.org/en/.

Koh, J., Qiu, S., Zou, H., Lakshminarayanan, R., Li, J., et al, 2013, ‘Rapid bactericidal action of alpha-mangostin against MRSA as an outcome of membrane targeting’, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 834–844.

Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia., 2012. Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopea, 210-213.

Misra, H., Dwivedi, B.K., Mehta, D., Mehta, B.K., Jain, D.C., et al., 2009, ‘Development and validation of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of α-mangostin in fruit pericarp of mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana L.) using ultraviolet–visible detection’, Records of Natural Products. 3, 178–186.

Mohamad, N.A., Jusoh, N.A., Htike, Z.Z. & Win, S.L., 2014, ‘Bacteria identificaton from microscopic morphology: A review’, International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications. 3, 1-12.

Mustafa, K., Sohail, M., Shahnaz, M., Rehman, G., Akhtar, M., et al., 2019, ‘Evaluation of Turmeric Nanoparticles as Anti-Gout Agent: Modernization of a Traditional Drug’, Medicina. 55, 10.

Nepal, P.R., Han, H.K., & Choi, H.K., 2010, ‘Preparation and in vitro–in vivo evaluation of Witepsol® H35 based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of coenzyme Q10’, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 39, 224–232.

Parveen, N. & Khan, N.U., 1988, ‘Two xanthones from Garcinia mangostana’, Phytochemistry. 27, 3694-3696.

Pedro, A.S., Santo, I.E., Silva, C.V., Detoni, C., & Albuquerque, E., 2013, ‘The use of nanotechnology as an approach for essential oil-based formulations with antimicrobial activity’, Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology. 2,1364-1374.

Phuong, N.T., Quang, N.V., Mai, T.T., Anh, N.V., Kuhakarn, C., 2017, ‘Antibiofilm activity of α-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana against Staphylococcus aureus’, Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 10 (12), 1154-1160.

Poeloengan, M., & Praptiwi, 2010, ‘Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana Linn)’, Media Litbang Kesehatan. 20 (2): 65-69.

Potts, R.O., & Guy, R.H., 1997, Mechanism of Transdermal Drug Delivery, Marcel Dekker, New York, 17.

Prasanthi, D,P., & Lakshmi., 2012, ‘Vesicle-Mechanism of Transdermal Permeation: A Review’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 5,18-25.

Pratiwi, L., Sari, R., & Apridamayanti, P., 2017a, ‘Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) with enhanched solubilization of ethanol extract from mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.,) for treatment of topical gangrene foot: design and optimization’, International journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 7(4), 314-319.

Pratiwi, L., Fudholi, A., Martien, R., Pramono, S., 2017b, ‘Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) For Topical Delivery of Mangosteen Peels (Garcinia mangostana L.,): Formulation Design and in vitro Studies’, J Young Pharm. 9 (3), 341-346.

Pratiwi, L., 2019, ‘Assessment of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.,) Peels to Eschericia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Proteus mirabilis’, Trad. Med. J, 24 (3), 189-196.

Pratiwi, L., 2021, ‘Novel antimicrobial activities of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system ethyl acetate fraction from Garcinia mangostana L. peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis: Design, optimization, and in vitro studies’, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 11 (3), 162-171.

Prusty, A. K., & Sahu, S.K., 2009, ‘Biodegradable Nanoparticles - A Novel Approach for Oral Administration of Biological Products’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology. 2, 503.

Putera, I., 2010, ‘Antibacterial Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Skin Extract and Its Active Compound Content’, Journal of Food Technology and Industry. 21, 1-5.

Radji, M., 2010, Microbiology Textbook: A Pharmacy and Medical Student Guide, Jakarta, Medical Book Publisher, EGC.

Robinson, T., 1995, High Organic Organic Content, Bandung, ITB Publisher.

Sari, R. & Apridamayanti, P., 2015, ‘Identification of ESBL-producing bacteria in patients with third-degree and IV diabetic ulcers Wagner’, DIPA Research Report. Pontianak: Tanjungpura University.

Sasivimolphan, P., Lipipun, V., Ritthidej, G., Chitphet, K., Yoshida, Y., Daikoku, T., et al., 2012, ‘Microemulsion-Based Oxyresveratrol for Topical Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection: Physicochemical Properties and Efficacy in Cutaneous HSV-1 Infection in Mice’, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. 13: 1266–1275.

Šmejkalová, D., Muthný, T., Nešporová, K., Hermannová, M., Achbergerová, E., Huerta-Angeles, G., et al., 2017, ‘Hyaluronan polymeric micelles for topical drug delivery’, Carbohydrate Polymers. 156, 86–96.

Sitti, R., Sugita, P., Ambarsari, L. & Rahayu, D., 2018, ‘Antibacterial Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) peel extract encapsulated in Chitosan’, Journal of Physics: conference series.1-7.

Sugumar, S., Singh, S., Mukherjee, A. & Chandrasekaran, N., 2016, ‘Nanoemulsion of orange oil with non-ionic surfactant produced emulsion using ultrasonication technique: evaluating against food spoilage yeast’, Applied Nanoscience. 6,113–120.

Susanti, I., Arianto, B., & Purnamayanti, A., 2016, ‘Antibiotics Efficacy Analysis on Diabetic Foot Ulcer Inpatients’, International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5 (4), 232-236.

Sypniewski, D., Szkaradek, N., Loch, T.,Waszkielewicz, A., Krzyżak, A., et al., 2017, ‘Contribution of reactive oxygen species to the anticancer activity of aminoalkanol derivatives of xanthone’, Investigational New Drugs. 36 (3), 355-369.

Ujilestari, T., Martien, R., Ariyadi, B., Dono, N., & Zuprizal, 2018, ‘Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essential oil: Design, formulation, and characterization’, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 8 (6), 14-21.

Villar, A.M., Naveros, B.C., Campmany, A.C., Trenchs, M.A., Rocabert, C.B., dan Bellowa, L.H., 2012, ‘Design and Optimization of Self-Nanoemulsiying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) For Enhanced Dissolution of Gemfibrozil’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 431, 161-175.

Widyanati, P., Jufri, M., & Elya, B., 2014, ‘Formulation and Penetration Study of Liposome Gel Xanthone of Extract Mangosteen Pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.)’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 27.

Wijayanti, N., Putra, A., Suryantari, I., Dwiantari, G., 2018, ‘Test of Antioxidant Activity of Extract and Fraction of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peels Using DPPH Method’, Journal of Chemistry.12 (1), 74-78.

World Health Organiztion. Global Report on Diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.

Zimmet, P., Alberti, K.G., Magliano, D.J., & Bennett, P.H., 2016, ‘Diabetes mellitus statistics on prevalence and mortality: facts and fallacies’, Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 12 (10), 616–622.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.58116

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2368 | views : 2266

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Majalah Obat Tradisional

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

©Majalah Obat Tradisional (Traditional Medicine Journal)
 ISSN 2406-9086
Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Gadjah Mada