Antioxidants and Anticholinesterase Activities of the Characterized Ethanolic of Ripe Sesoot (Garcinia picrorrhiza Miq.) Fruit Extract (GpKar) and Xanthone

https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.31548

Sri Utami(1*), Pratami Adityaningsari(2), Insan Sosiawan(3), Susi Endrini(4), Qomariyah Romadhiyani Sachrowardi(5), Sonny Pamudji Laksono(6), Said Nafik(7), Betharie Cendera Arrahmani(8), Ervi Afifah(9), Wahyu Widowati(10)

(1) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(2) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(3) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(4) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(5) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(6) Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Jakarta Pusat
(7) Directorate General of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Republic of Indonesia
(8) Faculty of Business and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt
(9) Aretha Medika Utama, Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, West Java
(10) Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Oxidative stress has been known to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme may lead to Alzheimer’s disease as a neurotransmitter. Antioxidants may have protective activities against oxidative damage and Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors also can be used in the treatment of various neurological disorders for management of Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to determine antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of Garcinia picrorrhiza Miq. fruit extract (GpKar) and its compounds, xanthone. Antioxidant activity was measured by H2O2 scavenging inhibitory activity, while anticholinesterase activity was measured using modified Ellman method. GpKar has higher H2O2 scavenging inhibitory activity (IC50= 967.28 µg/ml) compared to xanthone (IC50= 1198.95 µg/ml). In the anticholinesterase inhibitory activity, GpKar has lower activity (IC50= 70.25 µg/ml) compared to xanthone (11.80 µg/ml). In summary, GpKar has higher antioxidant activity but lower anticholinesterase activity compared to its compounds, xanthone. However, GpKar has potency as antioxidant agent to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.

Keywords


GpKar; xanthone; antioxidant; anticholinesterase

Full Text:

PDF


References

Aisha AF, Abu-Salah KM, Ismail Z, Majid AM. Determination of total xanthones in Garcinia mangostana fruit rind extracts by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. J Med Plant Res. 2013 Jan; 7(1): 29-5.

Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012 Jan; 5(1): 9–9.

Brühlmann C, Marston A, Hostettmann K, Currupt PA, Testa B. Screening of non-alkaloidal natural compounds as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biodivers. 2004 Jun; 1(6): 819-9.

Chen G-Y, Zhao J, Han C-R, Jiang Z-I, Xu Y, Cheng L-s, et al. Xanthones from the roots of Calophyllum membranaceum. Chem Nat Comp. 2011 Jan; 46(6): 976-8.

Colovic MB, Krstic DZ, Lazarevic-Pasti TD, Bondzic AM, Vasic VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013 Jan; 11(3): 315-5.

Dvir H, Silman I, Harel M, Rosenberry TL, Sussman JL.. Acetylcholinesterase: from 3d structure to function. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Sep; 187(1-3): 10-2.

Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. Antioxidant treatment in alzheimer's disease: current state. J Mol Neurosci. 2003 Feb; 21(1): 1-1.

Gogoi N, Gogoi A, Neog B. Free radical scavenging activities of Garcinia xanthochymus hook. F. and Garcinia lanceaefolia roxb. using various in vitro assay models. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015 Feb; 8(3): 138-1.

Houghton PJ, Howes M-J, Lee CC, Steventon G. Uses and abuses of in vitro tests in ethnopharmacology: visualizing an elephant. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr; 110(3): 391–0.

Howes MJ, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 June; 75(3): 513–7.

Jung HA, Su BN, Keller WJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD. Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen). J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar; 54: 2077-2.

Kar S, Slowikowski SP, Westaway D, Mount HT. Interactions between β-amyloid and central cholinergic neurons: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004 Nov; 29(6): 427–1.

Kulkarni N, Bairagi VK. Diagnosis of alzheimer disease using EEG signals. Int J Eng Res Technol. 2014 April; 3(4): 1835-8.

Louh GN, Lannang AM, Mbazoa CD, Tangmouo JG, Komguem J, Castilho P, et al. Polyanxanthone A, B and C, three xanthones from the wood trunk of Garcinia polyantha Olive. Phytochem. 2008 Feb; 69(4): 1013-7.

Mattson MP. Pathways towards and away from alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2004 Aug; 430(7000): 631-9.

Meechai I, Phupong W, Chunglok W, Meepowpan P. Antioxidant properties and phytochemical contents of Garcinia schomburgkiana Pierre. J App Pharm Sci. 2016 Jun; 6(6): 102-7.

Meng F, Feng HJ, Chen Y, Wang DB, Yang GZ. Antioxidant activity of Garcinia xanthochymus leaf, root and fruit extracts in vitro. Chin J Nat Med. 2012 Mar; 10 (2012): 129-4.

Mishra A, Bapat MM, Tilak JC, Devasagayam TPA. Antioxidant activity of Garcinia indica (kokam) and its syrup. Curr Sci. 2006 Jul; 91: 90-3.

Mukhopadhyay D, Dasgupta P, Roy DS, Palchoudhuri S, Chatterjee I, Ali S, et al. A sensitive in vitro spectrophotometric hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay using 1,10-phenanthroline. Free Rad Antioxid. 2016 Jan; 6(1): 124-2.

Owokotomo IA, Ekundayo O, Abayomi TG, Chukwuka AV. In-vitro anti-cholinesterase activity of essential oil from four tropical medicinal plants. Toxicol Rep. 2015 May; 2: 850-7.

Packer L, Cadenas E, Davies KJ. Free radicals and exercise: An introduction. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jan; 44(2): 123-5.

Panda V, Ashar H, Srinath S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in ethanol induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2012 Dec; 5(4): 207-3.

Pohanka M. Alzheimer´s disease and oxidative stress: A review. Curr Med Chem. 2014; 21: 356-4.

Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, and Wu E. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med. 2011 Nov; 11(8): 666–7.

Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, Wu E. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med. 2011 Nov; 11(8): 666-7.

Soemiati A. Senyawa triterpenoid dari ekstrak n-heksana kulit batang Garcinia picorrhiza Miq. Makara Sains. 2005 Nov; 9(2): 66-9.

Subhashini N, Nagarajan G, Kavimani S. In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Garcinia combogia. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011 Apr; 3(3): 129-2.

Syad AN, Shunmugiah KP, Kasi PD. Assessment of anticholinesterase activity of Gelidiella acerosa: implications for its therapeutic potential against alzheimer's disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 Oct; 2012: 497242.

Tjahjani S, Widowati W, Khiong K, Suhendra A, Tjokropranoto R. Antioxidant properties of Garcinia mangostana L (Mangosteen) Rind. Procedia Chem. 2014 Dec;13: 198-3.

Urbain A, Marston A, Queiroz EF, Ndjoko K, Hostettmann K. Xanthones from Gentiana campestris as new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Planta Med. 2004 Oct; 70: 1011-4.

Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Green RC, et al. The alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement. 2013 Sep; 9(5) : e111-4.

Yang J, Liu RH, Halim L. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. Lwt-Food Sci Technol. 2009 Jul; 42(1): 1–8.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.31548

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3974 | views : 3375

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2017 Majalah Obat Tradisional

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

©Majalah Obat Tradisional (Traditional Medicine Journal)
 ISSN 2406-9086
Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Gadjah Mada