RISIKO LINGKUNGAN FISIK TERHADAP KEJADIAN MALARIA DI WILAYAH DANAU SENTANI, KABUPATEN JAYAPURA,  PROVINSI PAPUA (Physical Environment Risk to The Incidence of Malaria in The Region of Sentani Lake, Jayapura District, Papua Province)

Abner Fritz Watofa; Adi Heru Husodo; Sudarmadji Sudarmadji; Onny Setiani

doi:10.22146/jml.28481

RISIKO LINGKUNGAN FISIK TERHADAP KEJADIAN MALARIA DI WILAYAH DANAU SENTANI, KABUPATEN JAYAPURA, PROVINSI PAPUA (Physical Environment Risk to The Incidence of Malaria in The Region of Sentani Lake, Jayapura District, Papua Province)

https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.28481

Abner Fritz Watofa^(1*), Adi Heru Husodo⁽²⁾, Sudarmadji Sudarmadji⁽³⁾, Onny Setiani⁽⁴⁾

(1) Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Cendrawasih Papua, Jl. Sentani Abepura, Jayapura 99221.
(2) Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Jl. Farmako Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Jl. Kaliurang Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281
(4) Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, Jl. Profesor Subarda, SH Semarang 50275
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Abstrak

Kejadian malaria di Indonesia merupakan persoalan kesehatan yang utama. Di Provinsi Papua, khususnya di wilayah Danau Sentani, prevalensi kejadian malaria masih menunjukkan angka yang tinggi. Kejadian ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor di antaranya adalah faktor lingkungan fisik. Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan antara faktor risiko lingkungan fisik yang terdiri dari suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kondisi air, ketinggian, lahan, dan kondisi tempat tinggal dengan kejadian malaria di wilayah Danau Sentani. Observasi analitik yang dilaksanakan di empat kampung di wilayah Distrik Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura yaitu Kampung Yoboi/Kehiran, Kampung Hobong, Ifar Besar, dan Ifale. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh penduduk di Distrik Sentani. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 200 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara random. Metode pengumpulan data dengan cara kuesioner, observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Metode analisis menggunakan analisis bivariate, uji statistik Chi-Square, dan uji regresi logistik. Faktor lingkungan fisik memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kajadian malaria, dengan nilai Chi-Square sebesar 7,531 (p = 0.006 <0,05), rasio regresi logistik dengan nilai OR sebesar 4,132 (p = 0,009 > 0,05). Lingkungan fisik yang terdiri dari suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kondisi air, ketinggian, lahan, dan kondisi tempat tinggal mempengaruhi kejadian malaria di wilayah Danau Sentani

Abstract

The incidence of malaria represented serious health problem in Indonesia. In Papua province, especially in the area of Sentani Lake, the prevalence of malaria was still high. It was influenced by various physical environmental factors. The study aimed at identifying and analyzing the correlation between physical environment and the incidence of malaria in the region of Sentani Lake. It was an observational and analytic study conducted in four villages in the area of Sentani district, Jayapura, which were Yoboi/Kehiran, Hobong, Ifar Besar and Ifale. Its population was all of the residents of Sentani district and there were 200 individuals randomly drawn as samples. Data were collected using questionnaires, observation, documentation, and interviews. The data were analyzed using bivariate analysis, Chi-Square statistic test, and logistic regression. The results showed that the physical environmental factors and the incidence of malaria were significantly correlated with the Chi-Square value of 7.531 (p = 0.006 < 0.05) and the regression ratio OR of 4.132 (p = 0.009 > 0.05). The physical environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, rainfall, water condition, elevation, and living condition, had significant influence on the incidence of malaria in Sentani Lake region

Keywords

curah hujan; kondisi air; kondisi tempat tinggal; malaria; suhu dan kelembaban; rainfall; water; living condition; temperature; humidity and malaria

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdullah, M.A., dan Merdan, A.I., 1995. Distribution and Ecology of the Mosquito Fauna in the Southwestern Saudi Arabia. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol, 25(3):815-837.

Arsin, A.A., dan Karim, S.A., 2012. Pola Spasial Kasus Malaria dengan Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) di Kabupaten Halmahera Tengah 2008. Jurnal Masy. Epid, 1(2):84-89

Ayomi, A.C., Setiani, O., dan Joko, T., 2012. Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Fisik Rumah dan Karakteristik Wilayah Sebagai Determinan Kejadian Penyakit Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 11(1):1-8.

Bhattacharya, S., Sharma, C., Dhiman, R., dan Mitra, A,A., 2006. Climate Change and Malaria in India. Current Science, 90:369-374.

Blanford, J.I., Blanford, S., Crane, R.G., Mann, M.E., Paaijmans, K.P., dan Schriber, K.V., 2013. Implications of Temperature Variation for Malaria Parasite Development Across Africa. Sci. Rep., 3:1300.

Craig, M.H., Snow, R.W., dan Le Sueur, D.A., 1999. Climate-based Distribution Model of Malaria Transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, Parasitology Today, 15(3):105-111.

Drakeley, C.J., Carneiro, I., Reyburn, H., Malima, R., Lusingu, J.P., dan Cox. C., 2005. Altitude-Dependent and Independent Variations on Plasmodium falciparum Prevalence in Northeastern Tanzania. J. Infect. Dis. 191:1589-1598.

Effendie, M.I., 1997. Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri. Bogor

Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., dan Carpenter, S.R., 2005. Global Consequences of Land Use. Science, 309(5734):570-574.

Ghozali, I., 2012. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang

Huang. F., Zhou, S., Zhang, S., Wang, H., dan Tang, L., 2011. Temporal Correlation Analysis between Malaria and Meteorological Factors in Motuo County, Tibet. Malaria J.,10:54.

Kenea, O., Balkew, M., dan Gebre-Michael, T., 2011. Environment Factors Associated with Laval Habitats on Anopheline Mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in Irrigation and Major Drainage Areas in the Middle Course on the Rift Valley, Central Ethiopia, J Vector Borne Dis, 48(2):85-92.

Kudom, A.A., Mensah, B.A., dan Agyemang, T.K., 2012. Characterization of Mosquito Laval Habitats and Assessment of Insecticide-Resistance Status of Anopheles Gambiae Senso lato in Urban Areas in Southwestern Ghana. J. Vector. Ecol., 37(1):77-82.

Kumar, V., Mangal, A., Panesar, S., Yadav, G., Talwar, dan R., Raut, D., 2014. Forecasting Malaria Cases Using Climate Factors in Delhi, India: A Time Series Analysis. Malaria Res. & Treatment, DOI:10.1155/2014/482851.

Liu, X.B., Liu, Q.Y., Guo, Y.H., Jiang, J.Y., Ren, D.S., dan Zhou, G.C., 2012. Random Repeated Cross Sectional Study on Breeding Site Characterization of Anopheles Sinensis Larvae in District Villages of Yongcheng City, People’s China. Parasit Vectors, 5:58.

McCutchan, T.F., Grim, K.C., Li, J., Weiss W, Rathore D, dan Sullivan M., 2004. Measuring the Effects of an Ever-Changing Environment on Malaria Control. Infect. Immun. 72(4): 2248-2253.

Marrai, M., 2006. Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Dinamika Penularan Malaria Falciparum di Kecamatan Nabire. Tesis. Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Program Pascasarjana UGM, Yogyakarta.

Munga, S., Minakawa, N., Zhou, G., Mushin-zimana, E., Barrack, O.O.J., dan Githeko, A.K., 2000. Association Between Land Cover and Habitat Productivity of Malaria Vectors in Western Kenyan Highlands. Trop Med. Int. Health, 5(4):263-274.

Piyaratne, M.K., Amerasinghe, F.P., Amerasinghe, P.H., dan Konradsen, F., 2005. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Anopheles Culicifacies and Anopheles Varuna Breeding Water in A Dry Zone Stream in Sri Langka, J. Vector. Borne. Dis. 42(2):61-67.

Rahardjo, M., 2003. Studi Karakteristik Wilayah Sebagai Determinan Penyebaran Malaria di Lereng Barat dan Timur Pegunungan Muria Jawa Tengah. UGM, Yogyakarta

Saxena, O.P., Kumar, M.L., Saxena, A., Sharma, M.C., dan Saxena, R.C., 1992. Study on the Physico-chemical Characteristics of Breeding Grounds in Relation to the Population density of Anopheles Stephensi. J. Commun. Dis. 24(2):109-115.

Sintasath, D., Ghebremeskel, T., Lynch, M., Kleinau, E., Bretas, G., dan Shililu, J., 2005. Malaria Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Eritrea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 72:682-687.

Soleimani-Ahmadi, M., Vatandoost, H., dan Zare, M., 2014. Characterization of Larval Habitats of Anopheline Mosquitoes in a Malarious Area Under Elimination Program in the Southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J. Trop. Biomed., 4: S73-S80.

Subbarao, K.S., 1998. Anopheles Species Complexes in South East Asia. WHO, New Delhi.

Suwito, U.K.H., dan Singgih, H.S., 2010. Hubungan Iklim, Kepadatan Nyamuk Anopheles dan Kejadian Penyakit Malaria. J. Entomol. Indones., 7(1):42-53.

Thompson, W.D., 1994. Statistical Analysis of Case Control Studies, Epidemiological Rev., 16:1.

Tian, L., Bi, Y., Ho, S.C., Liu, L., dan W., Liang, S., 2008. One-year Delayed Effect of Fog on Malaria Transmission: a Time series Analysis in the Rain Forest Area of Mengla County, South West China. Malaria J., 7; 110.

Walukow, A.F., 2011. Analisis Tujuan Pengelolaan dan Kebutuhan dalam Pengembangan Danau Sentani Jayapura. Jurnal Bumi Lestari, 11(1):120-130.

Wangdi, K., Singasivanon, P., Silawan, T., Lawpoolsri, S., White, N.J., dan Kaewkungwal, J., 2010. Development of Temporal Modelling for Forecasting and Prediction of Malaria Infections using time-series and Analysis: A Case Study in Endemic Districts of Bhutan. Malaria J., 9:251.

Wandiga, S.O., Opondo, M., Olago, D., Githeko, A., dan Githui, F.M.M., 2010. Vulnerability to Epidemic Malaria in the Highlands of Lake Victoria Basin: the Role of Climate Change/Variability, Hydrology and Socio-Economic Factors, Climate Change, 99(3-4):473-497.

Weiss, D.J., Bhatt, S., Mappin, B., Van Boeckel, T.P., Smith, D.L., dan Hay, S.I., 2014. Air Temperature Suitability for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Transmission in Africa 2000-2012: A High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Prediction, Malaria J., 13:171.

Ye, Y., Louis, V., Simboro, S., dan Sauerborn, R., 2007. Effect of Meteorological Factors on Clinical Malaria Risk among Childtren: an Assesment Using Village-based Meteoro-logical Stations and Community-based Parasitological Survey. BMC Public Health, 7:101.

Yudhastuti, R. 2008. Gambaran Faktor Lingkungan Daerah Endemis Malaria di Daerah Berbatasan (Kabupaten Tulungagung dengan Kabupaten Trenggalek), Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 4(2):9-2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.28481